Urinary phthalate metabolites in primary school starters in Pearl River Delta, China: Occurrences, risks and possible sources

Yao, Yao; Chen, Dingyan; Wu, Yaxin; Zhou, Li; Cheng, Jinquan; Li, Yingying; Lu, Shaoyou; Yuan, Guanxiang; Liu, Guihua

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108853

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Most PAEs are physically mixed to the polymeric materials, thereby facilitating their easy entrance to the environment during their manufacture, usage, or disposal [4,9]. The widespread application of products containing PAEs in daily life resulted in their universality in environments and frequent detection in various environmental matrices, including drinking water [10], surface water [11], indoor/outdoor air [12][13][14], dust [7,15], sediment [16,17], soil [18,19], food [20], and urine [21,22]. Meanwhile, some PAEs [e.g., DEHP, DBP, BBzP, DEP, and din-hexyl phosphoric acid (DHXP)] have been proven to be endocrine-disrupting compounds, and exposure to phthalates may result in reproductive effects [23], hypertension, and childhood obesity problems [8,[24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in indoor dust samples across China

Zhang

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Eur

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Background Phthalates were detected in various environments due to their widespread application. In this study, indoor dust samples from 94 buildings, including 72 residences and 22 dormitories, were collected in seven geographical regions in China and analyzed for eight phthalate esters (PAEs). Investigation of contamination profiles, geographical distribution, sources, and risks of PAEs in indoor dusts was explored. Results The highest Σ8PAEs concentration in residential buildings was found in Northeast China (median: 164.71 μg·g−1), which was 2.3 and 2.8 times higher than that in South China (median: 71.71 μg·g−1) and Southwest China (median: 58.53 μg·g−1), respectively. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were the dominant compounds of Σ8PAEs in indoor dusts from residences and dormitories. The administrative levels revealed that the highly serious contamination occurred in the provincial capital, followed by nonprovincial cities and countries. Such an occurrence was related to the usage of PAE products and the level of urbanization. Principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) showed that the emission from cosmetics and personal care products, plasticizers, and household building materials were the possible PAE sources in indoor dusts. Among three routes of ingestion, dermal adsorption, and inhalation, dust ingestion was the main route of human exposure to PAEs. The health risk of PAE exposure for different populations in descending order of children > women > men. The hazard indexes of noncancer were higher than the threshold value of 10−6 during human exposure to DBP and DEHP. Children also faced potential noncancer risk due to benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) exposure. The carcinogenic risks via exposure to BBzP and DEHP were negligible. Conclusion Overall, PAEs were widely presented in indoor dusts. Obvious difference was observed in the distribution of PAEs concentration in indoor dusts due to the differences in economic development and usage of PAEs product. Plasticizers, household building materials, and cosmetics and personal care products were likely PAE sources in indoor dusts. The risk assessment suggested that carcinogenic risks of BBzP and DEHP were negligible, but DBP, DEHP, DnOP, and BBzP may pose noncancer risks to humans.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in indoor dust samples across China

Zhang

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Eur

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show abstract

“…Most PAEs are physically mixed to the polymeric materials, thereby facilitating their easy entrance to the environment during their manufacture, usage, or disposal [4,9]. The widespread application of products containing PAEs in daily life resulted in their universality in environments and frequent detection in various environmental matrices, including drinking water [10], surface water [11], indoor/outdoor air [12−14], dust [7,15], sediment [16,17], soil [18,19], food [20], and urine [21,22]. Meanwhile, some PAEs (e.g., DEHP, DBP, BBzP, DEP, and di-n-hexyl phosphoric acid (DHXP)) have been proven to be endocrine-disrupting compounds, and exposure to phthalates may result in reproductive effects [23], hypertension, and childhood obesity problems [8,24−26].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, source apportionment and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in indoor dust samples across China

Zhang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Phthalates were detected in various environments due to their widespread application. In this study, indoor dust samples from 94 buildings, including 72 residences and 22 dormitories, were collected in seven geographical regions in China and analyzed for eight phthalate esters (PAEs). Investigation of contamination profiles, geographical distribution, sources and risks of PAEs in indoor dusts was explored.Results: The highest Σ8PAEs concentration in residential buildings was found in Northeast China (median: 164.71 μg·g−1), which was 2.3 and 2.8 times higher than that in South China (median: 71.71 μg·g−1) and Southwest China (median: 58.53 μg·g−1), respectively. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were the dominant compounds of Σ8PAEs in indoor dusts from residences and dormitories. The administrative levels revealed that the highly serious contamination occurred in the provincial capital, followed by non-provincial cities and countries. Such an occurrence was related to the usage of PAE products and the level of urbanization. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) showed that the emission from cosmetics and personal care products, plasticizers, and household building materials were the possible PAE sources in indoor dusts. Among three routes of ingestion, dermal adsorption, and inhalation, dust ingestion was the main route of human exposure to PAEs. The health risk of PAE exposure for different populations in descending order of children > women > men. The hazard indexes of non-cancer were higher than the threshold value of 10−6 during human exposure to DBP and DEHP. Children also faced potential non-cancer risk due to benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) exposure. The carcinogenic risks via exposure to BBzP and DEHP were negligible.Conclusion: Overall, PAEs were widely presented in indoor dusts. Obvious difference was observed in the distribution of PAEs concentration in indoor dusts due to the differences in economic development and usage of PAEs product. Plasticizers, household building materials, and cosmetics and personal care products were likely PAE sources in indoor dusts. The risk assessment suggested that carcinogenic risks of BBzP and DEHP were negligible, but DBP, DEHP, DnOP and BBzP may pose non-cancer risks to humans.

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“…Further, parabens have been added to personal care products as antimicrobial preservatives ( 74 ), and methylparaben exposure increases glandular tissue sizes during critical developmental windows ( 75 ). A large survey showed that elevated phthalate metabolite levels pose potentially high health risks to children ( 76 ). In addition, monobutyl phthalate exposure might be associated with a risk for sexual precocity in girls ( 77 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying Environmental Endocrine Disruptors Associated With the Age at Menarche by Integrating a Transcriptome-Wide Association Study With Chemical-Gene-Interaction Analysis

Feng

Qin

et al. 2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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Menarche is the first occurrence of menstrual bleeding and one of the most important events of female puberty. Alarmingly, over the last several decades, the mean age at menarche (AAM) has decreased. Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) are chemicals that may interfere with the endocrine system, resulting in adverse developmental, immunological, neurological, and reproductive effects in humans. Thus, the effects of EEDs on fertility and reproduction are growing concerns in modern societies. In this study, we aimed to determine the influence of genetic and environmental factors on AAM. We used data from an AAM genome-wide association study of 329,345 women to conduct a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) with FUSION software. As references, we determined the gene-expression levels in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, uterus, and whole blood. We performed Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses using the significantly dysregulated genes identified by the TWAS. Using the STRING database, we also generated a protein–protein-interaction network to analyze common AAM-specific genes identified by the TWAS with different tissues. We performed chemical-related gene set enrichment analysis (CGSEA) and identified significant TWAS genes to uncover relationships between different chemicals and AAM. The TWAS identified 9,848 genes; among these, 1580 genes were significant (P < 0.05), and 11 genes were significant among the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, uterus, and whole blood. CGSEA identified 1,634 chemicals, including 120 chemicals significantly correlated with AAM. In summary, we performed a TWAS (for genetic factors) and CGSEA (for environmental factors) focusing on AAM and identified several AAM-associated genes and EEDs. The results of this study expand our understanding of genetic and environmental factors related to the onset of female puberty.

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Urinary phthalate metabolites in primary school starters in Pearl River Delta, China: Occurrences, risks and possible sources

Cited by 27 publications

References 46 publications

Distribution, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in indoor dust samples across China

Distribution, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in indoor dust samples across China

Distribution, source apportionment and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in indoor dust samples across China

Identifying Environmental Endocrine Disruptors Associated With the Age at Menarche by Integrating a Transcriptome-Wide Association Study With Chemical-Gene-Interaction Analysis

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