Urinary schistosomiasis in school children of a southern nigerian community 8 years after the provision of potable water

Ekanem, Emmanuel; Akapan, Francis Michael; Eyong, Michael Eteng

doi:10.4103/npmj.npmj_136_17

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Proteinuria and haematuria as morbidity markers of urogenital schistosomiasis were higher in prevalence in this study compared to reports from Southern and North Central Nigeria [14,47,49].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

“…Although the physiological, biochemical, immunological and prognostic roles of these markers in relation to urogenital schistosomiasis are yet to be ascertained [50], they have been reported to correlate with the presence and intensity of infection and could be employed as indirect diagnostic tools, as well as screening tools to monitor the progress of interventions directed at curtailing the disease [28,47,49,51]. Similar to previous reports, the intensity of infection among majority of the subjects with urogenital schistosomiasis in this study was light [15,47,49,52]. The implication of this finding is that, subjects in this study could be considered to be at a lower risk of infectionrelated morbidity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic Urogenital Schistosomiasis among In-School Adolescents in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria

Jiya

Ibitoye

et al. 2022

AJMAH

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Aims: To assess the prevalence, intensity, associated factors and predictors of chronic urogenital schistosomiasis among in-school adolescents in Sokoto. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: Secondary Schools in Sokoto metropolis, Sokoto State, Nigeria, between January and April 2018. Methodology: A total of 590 apparently healthy secondary school students aged between 10 and 19 years in Sokoto metropolis were selected using multi-stage random sampling technique. Designed pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain relevant socio-demographic and clinical information. Urine specimen was obtained and subjected to urine analysis and microscopy for ova of Schistosoma haematobium. Data was analyzed using IBM-SPSS version 25.0. Results: Mean age of subjects was 15.1 ±2.6 years. There were 334 (56.6%) males and 256 (43.4%) females. Majority 371 (62.9%) attended public secondary schools, most 264 (44.7%) were of middle socio-economic family status, and 300 (50.8%) were from rural community setting. The commonest source of water for domestic use was pipe-borne 203 (34.4%), and swimming was the predominant 55(9.3%) recreational water- related activity. The overall prevalence of chronic urogenital schistosomiasis was 22.9%, significantly (p<0.001) higher among males, with age group category 15-17 years mostly 59 (29.6%) affected. All 135 (100%) of the infected subjects had microscopic haematuria, 119 (88.2%) had proteinuria, and 108(80.0%) had leucocyturia. Age group category 15-17 years (p=0.027), male gender (p<0.001), low and middle social classes (p<0.001) respectively, and residence in rural community setting were independent predictors of chronic urogenital schistosomiasis infection. Majority 81(60.0%) of the infected respondents had light infection. Male gender was the only predictor (p=0.003) of intensity of infection. Conclusions: Chronic urogenital schistosomiasis is prevalent among the subjects. Middle adolescence, male gender, swimming, rural community setting and low-middle socio-economic classes were independent predictors of infection.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Urogenital Schistosomiasis among In-School Adolescents in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria

Jiya

Ibitoye

et al. 2022

AJMAH

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“…It is also worth mentioning that a combination of microscopy, proteinuria and microhaematuria may be more efficient in infection diagnosis than a single variable. The prevalence of microhaematuria and proteinuria obtained in this study was lower than the 80 % and 56 % respectively reported in Ikpeshi in Akoko Edo LGA, Edo State (25); 80.3 % and 24.8 % proteinuria and microhaematuria respectively in Ijoun, Ogun State [34]; 65 % microhaematuria in Akinlalu and Ogbogba communities, Osun State [35]; Ekanem et al [36] reported decline in the microhaematuria and proteinuria [65.4 % to 23.6 % and 53.3 % to 54.5 % respectively] amongs in school children in Adim community in Cross River State eight years following the provision of portable water. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was 14.5% compared to 51% in the prepotable water era.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

Schistosomiasis among primary school pupils in Pilgani Distric, Langtang North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria

Dawet¹,

Bulus²,

Joachim³

et al. 2019

GSC Biol. and Pharm. Sci.

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Schistosomiasis caused chronic infection which can affect all aspects of a person's health and learning especially among school children. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of schistosomiasis among school children in Pilgani District, Langtang North LGA, Plateau State. Two prelabeled specimen bottles were given to each school pupil for stool and urine samples collection. The stool samples were prepared using formal-ether concentration technique and examined for Schistosoma mansoni while the urine samples were centrifuged and the deposits was examined for S. haematobium. Reagent strips were used to detect microhaematuria and proteinuria in the urine samples. Out of the 284 school pupils examined, 70 (24.65 %) were infected among which 56(31.83 %) were males and 14 (12.96 %) were females. The age group 15 -16 had the highest infection (38.89 %) while children within age group 5 -6 had the least infection (11. 76 %). Pupils that used streams as their source of water had the highest infection but no infection was recorded among children using borehole water. There was significant (P<0.05) difference in the prevalence of the disease according to age, sex and sources of water used. The presence of microhaematuria and proteinuria was recorded in 21.13 % and 16. 20 % respectively of the pupils examined. Inadequate numbers of latrines with bad sanitation were the main risk factors associated with the disease transmission. A control program to decrease the prevalence and intensity should be implemented in this area to improve health status of the community.

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“…Water-associated behaviors are possibly similar for very young males and females thereby leading to M:F prevalence of infection ratios closer to one. Whilst our initial aim had been to report data dis-aggregated by sex and age, we however found only 13 studies [20,23,29,44,45,55,[81][82][83][84][85][86][87], that reported prevalence of infection data in males and females, stratified by age. This was not a sufficient number of studies, or a sufficient level of detail, to conduct a robust analysis.…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-related differences in prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of Schistosoma infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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Background Schistosomiasis remains a global-health problem with over 90% of its burden concentrated in Africa. Field studies reflect the complex ways in which socio-cultural and socio-economic variables, affect the distribution of Schistosoma infections across different populations. This review set out to systematically investigate and quantify the differences in Schistosoma infection burdens between males and females in Africa for two of the most prevalent Schistosoma species—Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. Methodology We searched (from inception to 11th March 2020) Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science for relevant studies on schistosomiasis. We included studies that report S. mansoni and/or S. haematobium prevalence and/or intensity data distributed between males and females. We conducted meta-analyses on the male to female (M:F) prevalence of infection ratios. Subgroup analyses were performed according to study baseline prevalence, sample size and the lower and upper age limit of study participants. We also present a descriptive analysis of differential risk and intensity of infection across males and females. Evidence for differences in the prevalence of schistosomiasis infection between males and females is presented, stratified by Schistosoma species. Result We identified 128 relevant studies, with over 200,000 participants across 23 countries. Of all the reported differences in the prevalence of infection between males and females, only 41% and 34% were statistically significant for S. mansoni and S. haematobium, respectively. Similar proportions of studies (27% and 34% for for S. haematobium and S. mansoni, respectively) of the reported differences in intensity of infection between males and females were statistically significant. The meta-analyses summarized a higher prevalence of infection in males; pooled random-effects weighted M:F prevalence of infection ratios were 1.20 (95% CI 1.11–1.29) for S. haematobium and 1.15 (95% CI 1.08–1.22) for S. mansoni. However, females are underrespresented in some of the studies. Additionally, there was significant heterogeneity across studies (Higgins I2 statistic (p-values < 0.001, I2values>95%)). Results of the subgroup analysis showed that the baseline prevalence influenced the M:F prevalence ratios for S. haematobium and S. mansoni, with higher M:F prevalence of infection ratios in settings with a lower baseline prevalence of infection. Across the studies, we identified four major risk factors associated with infection rates: occupational and recreational water contact, knowledge, socio-economic factors and demographic factors. The effect of these risk factors on the burden of infection in males and females varied across studies. Conclusions We find evidence of differences in prevalence of infection between males and females which may reflect differences in gender norms and water contact activities, suggesting that policy changes at the regional level may help ameliorate gender-related disparities in schistosomiasis infection burden. Collecting, robustly analysing, and reporting, sex-disaggregated epidemiological data, is currently lacking, but would be highly informative for planning effective treatment programmes and establishing those most at risk of schistosomiasis infections.

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Urinary schistosomiasis in school children of a southern nigerian community 8 years after the provision of potable water

Abstract: The prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium have significantly reduced in this community though not yet eliminated. More boreholes need to be provided to make the water more accessible. This could be combined with other measures to eradicate S. haematobium from this community.

Cited by 13 publications

References 1 publication

Chronic Urogenital Schistosomiasis among In-School Adolescents in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria

Chronic Urogenital Schistosomiasis among In-School Adolescents in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria

Schistosomiasis among primary school pupils in Pilgani Distric, Langtang North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria

Gender-related differences in prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of Schistosoma infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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