Urinary steroids, FSH and CG measurements for monitoring the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in the chimpanzee

Shimizu, Keiko; Douke, Chisato; Fujita, Shiho; Matsuzawa, Tetsuro; Tomonaga, Masaki; Tanaka, Masayuki; Matsubayashi, Kiyoaki; Hayashi, Michihiro

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0684.2003.01039.x

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Urine samples were collected twice a week (on average) over the course of 2 to 3 months during the spring and summer of 2009 and 2010, and were immediately frozen at −20°C and stored until assayed. Although this sampling regimen may not detect the ovulatory peak in estradiol and gonadotropins, it can identify the luteal phase by elevation in urinary progestin levels and thus identify the follicular phase and provide an estimate of the day of ovulation (Kaplan et al 2002;Pope et al 1986;Shimizu et al 2003;Wilson et al 1982). Furthermore, in the absence of increases in urinary progestins, anovulatory periods can be inferred.…”

Section: Urine Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menopause occurs late in life in the captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Herndon

Paredes

Wilson

et al. 2011

AGE

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Menopause in women occurs at mid-life. Chimpanzees, in contrast, continue to display cycles of menstrual bleeding and genital swelling, suggestive of ovulation, until near their maximum life span of about 60 years. Because ovulation was not confirmed hormonally, however, the age at which chimpanzees experience menopause has remained uncertain. In the present study, we provide hormonal data from urine samples collected from 30 female chimpanzees, of which 9 were old (>30 years), including 2 above the age of 50 years. Eight old chimpanzees showed clear endocrine evidence of ovulation, as well as cycles of genital swelling that correlated closely with measured endocrine changes. Endocrine evidence thus confirms prior observations (cyclic anogenital swelling) that menopause is a late-life event in the chimpanzee. We also unexpectedly discovered an idiopathic anovulation in some young and middle-aged chimpanzees; this merits further study. Because our results on old chimpanzees validate the use of anogenital swelling as a surrogate index of ovulation, we were able to combine data on swelling and urinary hormones to provide the first estimates of age-specific rates of menopause in chimpanzees. We conclude that menopause occurs near 50 years of age in chimpanzees as it does in women. Our finding identifies a basic difference between the human and chimpanzee aging processes: female chimpanzees can remain reproductively viable for a greater proportion of their life span than women. Thus, while menopause marks the end of the chimpanzee's life span, women may thrive for decades more.

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Section: Urine Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menopause occurs late in life in the captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Herndon

Paredes

Wilson

et al. 2011

AGE

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“…The only natal female to give birth (LR) did so 37.0 months after her first sexual swelling. Immigrants experienced an average delay of 26.9 months before birth (SE = 3.3, Nu = 5, Nc = 3, range: 10.6 -36.8; n.b., gestation length in chimpanzees is approximately 230 days, Wallis 1997; Shimizu et al 2003). …”

Section: Mating Behavior and Inbreeding Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

The context of female dispersal in Kanyawara chimpanzees

Stumpf

Thompson

Muller

et al. 2009

Behav

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SummaryIn most social mammals, members of either one sex or both leave their natal group at sexual maturity. In catarrhine primates, male emigration is the predominant pattern. Female philopatry facilitates cooperation among kin, and female reproductive success is influenced by these relationships. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are unusual in that dispersal is almost exclusively by females. While plausible ultimate hypotheses can explain this dispersal pattern, the proximate causes of female dispersal are unknown and warrant examination due to variation in dispersal behavior and the associated high costs of immigration. In this study, we examine the behavioral and hormonal context of female dispersal in chimpanzees of Kibale National Park, Uganda, in order to understand variation in dispersal patterns and gain insight into functional explanations. Using over 10 years of behavioral, endocrinological, and demographic records, we examined the significance of 5 potential predictors of the timing of dispersal: (1) maturational state; (2) association patterns; (3) mating patterns; (4) physiological stress; and (5) feeding ecology. Female dispersal was not strictly predicted by chronological or gynecological age, and dispersal did not correlate with shifts in glucocorticoid levels. We found no evidence that females avoided mating in their natal group, even with known relatives, suggesting that inbreeding avoidance is not a sufficient proximate explanation for dispersal in chimpanzees.Instead, variation in social development and the availability of energy for dispersal were implicated and necessitate more intensive examination along with subtler variation in maturational trajectories.

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“…In order to know the hormonal profiles of pregnancy in chimpanzees, noninvasive methods for monitoring reproductive status of chimpanzee based on the measurement of urinary steroids and gonadotropins were examined [8]. Menstrual cycle length varied from 31 to 35 days (mean 33.3 days).…”

Section: Urinary Hormone Profiles Throughout Pregnancy and Early Lactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urine and fecal samples were analyzed for estrone conjugates (E 1 C), pregnanediol-3-glucronide (PdG) by enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Follicle stimulating h o r m o n e ( F S H ) a n d m o n k e y c h o r i o n i c gonadotropin (mCG) were also measured in urine samples by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) as previously described [8-9, 16, 17].…”

Section: Hormone Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Studies on Reproductive Endocrinology in Non-human Primates: Application of Non-invasive Methods

Shimizu

2005

J. Reprod. Dev.

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Abstract.A practical method for the quantitative measurement of estrone conjugates (E1C), pregnanediol-3-glucronide (PdG), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and monkey chorionic gonadotropin (mCG) in the excreta of non-human primates were described. In the series of studies, results suggest that 1) urinary and fecal steroid metabolites accurately reflected the same ovarian or testicular events as observed in plasma steroid profiles in captive Japanese macaques, time lags associated with fecal measurements were one day after appearance in urine; 2) these noninvasive methods were applicable to wild and free-ranging macaques for determining reproductive status; 3) hormonal changes during menstrual cycles and pregnancy could be analyzed by measurement of FSH, CG and steroid metabolites in the excreta in captive great apes and macaques; and 4) hormonebehavior relationships of macaques in their natural habitats and social setting could be analyzed. In macaques, between maternal rejection and excreted estrogen, but not excreted progesterone were associated, moreover, in male study, significantly higher levels of fecal cortisol were observed in highranking males. In addition, reliable noninstrumented enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (NELISA) for detection of early pregnancy in macaques was established. These results suggest that the noninvasive characteristic of excreted hormone monitoring provide a stress-free approach to the accurate evaluation of reproductive status in primates.

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Urinary steroids, FSH and CG measurements for monitoring the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in the chimpanzee

Cited by 30 publications

References 19 publications

Menopause occurs late in life in the captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Menopause occurs late in life in the captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

The context of female dispersal in Kanyawara chimpanzees

Studies on Reproductive Endocrinology in Non-human Primates: Application of Non-invasive Methods

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