Urine Diversion Dry Toilet: A Narrative Review on Gaps and Problems and its Transformation

Devkota, Govinda Prasad; Pandey, Manoj Kumar; Maharjan, Shyam Krishna

doi:10.33422/ejbs.v2i3.151

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…These systems are more advantageous in areas of water scarcity as they preserve groundwater from contamination by pathogens and microorganisms. In addition, human excreta contain high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium needed for plant growth (Prasad Devkota et al 2019). One study showed that in 2009, the total available phosphorus in feces was about 1.68 million tons, which could meet 22% of the total global demand for phosphorus (Mihelcic et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re-emergence of dry toilets and fecal nutrient reuse in M'zab cities

Bekaddour

Ait-Mouheb

Hartani³

2021

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

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In the M'zab valley, dry toilets represent an ancestral dry sanitation system, serving as a source of fertilizer thanks to human excrement valorization. However, in the 20th century, local populations began to shun these systems. The objective of this article is to illustrate the importance of dry toilets on agricultural and environmental scales in ancient M'Zab, and the renewal of these systems in response to sanitation problems in the oasis after their decline. The hypothesis put forward is that dry toilets can act as a complementary system to conventional sanitation systems. Data were collected through interviews with the local population. Our results show that the use of dry toilets, and the resulting use of human excrement as fertilizer, has gone through three phases. First, a phase of strong recycling dynamics, followed by a second phase of decline in dry toilet use which is linked to the discovery of the Albian aquifer and flush toilet adoption. The third phase is characterized by dry toilet reuse in response to oasis degradation caused by sanitation and environmental problems. Some oasesians have taken the initiative to revert to dry toilets to ensure oasis system sustainability and to revive the practice of recycling human waste.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re-emergence of dry toilets and fecal nutrient reuse in M'zab cities

Bekaddour

Ait-Mouheb

Hartani³

2021

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

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“…Nepal is one of the countries that has developed technology to manufacture fertilizer from human urine through the Urine Diversion Dry Toilet. However, suctioning and harvesting fertilizer are done manually (Devkota et al, 2019). A pilot plant for processing urine-based fertilizers has been built in Durban, South Africa, involving household toilets as a producer of materials for fertilizer production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotoilizer automatic system prototype : automatic fertilization system integrated with bio-toilet based on Internet of Things (IOT)

Erdiandini

Rizamel

Nagari

et al. 2021

AFSSAAE

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Human urine is one of the primary wastes in urban areas, which has not been maximally processed and utilized until now. Human urine can be processed into biofertilizer with special processing procedures to minimize the negative impact of using urine as fertilizer and avoid odor, dirt, and contamination of pathogenic bacteria in the processing process. This prototype aims to design a Biotoilizer Automatic System with processing human urine into a biofertilizer and an automatic fertilization system. This system is equipped with a DC water pump, pH sensor, YL-69 sensor, ultrasonic sensor, real-time clock (RTC) NodeMCU microcontroller, and Arduino Uno. The method used in this research is an experimental method by designing technical designs and making prototypes of an Internet of Things (IoT) based automatic fertilization system that utilizes solar panels and is integrated with Bio toilets and designing software. The system's test results can process urine into a biofertilizer and fertilize automatically 95% based on regulated conditions and can be monitored with an application via a smartphone

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“…Similarly, only urine can be deposited through urinal and used as fertilizer by dilution of certain amount of water. For this, urine need to be collected in the chamber stored it for 15-20 days to destroy micro-organisms (Devkota, Pandey, & Maharjan, 2019). Eco-san is beneficial because the system is safer hygienically, due to the access to improved sanitation and the recycling of valuable nutrients as fertilizer (Werner, Panesar, Rüd, & Olt, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-Implementation Perceptions Among Teachers on the Use of Ecological Sanitation and Application of Human Urine as Fertilizer

Devkota¹,

Bastien²,

Jenssen³

et al. 2020

IES

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Although human urine contains nutrients for plant growth, very few community schools in Nepal use a urine diversion dry toilet (UDDT) and apply the human urine as fertilizer in their school garden. Using human urine in agriculture reduces the use of chemical fertilizers, thus saving the expenditure associated with it. Application of human urine improves the soil fertility and may contribute to increased food security among school children if the school can supply the canteen with food for mid-day meals. This study adopted a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach in order to understand stakeholder perspectives and involve them in the planning and implementation of urine diverting toilets. The data for this study were collected from five teachers’ focus group discussions. This paper presents teachers’ perceptions of the urine diversion dry toilet system and use of human urine as a fertilizer for the school garden. Only a few teachers accepted that human urine could be used as fertilizer, however, they were not willing to use it on their crops since it was considered impure. Due to a perceived bad odor and the uncomfortable sitting position on the UDDT, particularly for females, teachers disliked this toilet and they felt using urine as fertilizer was unnecessary. One of the key lessons drawn from the study is that schools, in collaboration with local governments, should employ participatory approaches to understanding and engaging local stakeholders, including teachers, to minimize negative perceptions prior to the application of human urine as fertilizer in the school garden.

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Urine Diversion Dry Toilet: A Narrative Review on Gaps and Problems and its Transformation

Cited by 8 publications

References 1 publication

Re-emergence of dry toilets and fecal nutrient reuse in M'zab cities

Re-emergence of dry toilets and fecal nutrient reuse in M'zab cities

Biotoilizer automatic system prototype : automatic fertilization system integrated with bio-toilet based on Internet of Things (IOT)

Pre-Implementation Perceptions Among Teachers on the Use of Ecological Sanitation and Application of Human Urine as Fertilizer

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