Urine labeling with orally applied marker substances in drug substitution therapy

Huppertz, Bernd; Gauchel, Gisela; Feiertag, Heribert; Schweizer, Hermann; Krieger, Horst; Richter, Francois; Heinz, Helmut; Blanke, Joerg; Gastpar, Markus; Keller, R.

doi:10.1515/cclm.2004.107

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Possible reasons for this might include a future interest in receiving take-home prescriptions, and the fear of 'disappointing' the treating physicians and nurses. The use of polyethyleneglycol markers has been proven to be easy to perform, safe and reliable [6,7] . Applying this marker, our preliminary data indicate that the prevalence of undetected concomitant drug consumption in ambulatory replacement therapy is much higher than previously assumed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of a Polyethylene Glycol Marker System in Urine Drug Screening in an Opiate Substitution Program

et al. 2008

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Aims: Screening for concomitant drug consumption is necessary in opiate substitution therapy of opiate-dependent patients. Adulteration of samples is a common problem in this setting. A recently developed polyethylene glycol marker system allows reliable identification of urine samples. In this study, we aimed to compare the rates of drug detection in conventional and marker urine samples. Design: This cross-sectional evaluation was performed in an ambulatory opiate substitution program. We studied 55 opiate-dependent patients (32 men, 23 women). In all patients we compared the rates of drugs detected in the marker urine with the most recent conventional urine control. Additionally we assessed the rate of marker urine manipulation. Findings: In the conventional urine controls, opiates and benzodiazepines were found in 3.6 and 27%, respectively, whereas in the marker urine controls, these rates were 33 and 40%, respectively. Signs of urine manipulation were present in 35%. The rates of concomitant consumption and urine manipulation were higher among the patients without than among those with take-home substitution. Conclusions: With the marker urine, an unexpectedly high prevalence of concomitant consumption can be found. Marker urine testing has a significantly higher sensitivity for the detection of concomitant drug use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, an orally ingestible marker system for urine samples has been developed [6,7] . It uses biologically inert low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycols that are rapidly excreted with the urine after oral ingestion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of a Polyethylene Glycol Marker System in Urine Drug Screening in an Opiate Substitution Program

et al. 2008

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“…Details about specimen collection, preparation, sample storage and stability during measurement with the respective system reagent are given in the Beckman reagent package insert [20]. The tests for DOA were performed with reagents from Microgenics on an automatic Hitachi 911 analyzer from Roche as reported elsewhere [14]. Urine samples were all checked for pH and also occasionally for glucose, protein, haemoglobin and nitrite with a Multistix 10 SG reagent strip in an automated Clinitek Atlas automated urine chemistry analyzer system from Siemens.…”

Section: Creatinine and Drug Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the first analysis, there was a confirmation testing by GC-MS for those samples, which were tested "positive" for drugs. The exact procedure was published previously [21,22,14].…”

Section: Creatinine and Drug Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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False Negative Results in Testing for Drugs of Abuse from Diluted Urine

2017

International Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medi

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Systematic investigations of novel validity parameters in urine drug testing and prevalence of urine adulteration in a two‐year cohort

Kluge

Rentzsch

Remane

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Urinalysis is well established for drug screening. Various methods of urine adulteration such as dilution, addition of oxidative/reductive chemicals or detergents, and handing over urine-like fluids are used to circumvent a positive screen. Validity parameters such as determination of pH, gravidity, urine temperature, or testing for oxidative/reductive chemicals are therefore used to uncover adulterated urine specimens. However, synthetic urine ("fake urine") has nowadays been used for manipulations, leading to inconspicuous results with common validity test systems. Therefore, the aims of the study were (a) to evaluate additional validity parameters, (b) to evaluate the prevalence of urine adulteration, (c) to identify adulteration markers in purchased fake urine samples. Urine samples (n = 550) submitted for drug abstinence testing were analyzed by a standard urine liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) screening approach using library-assisted identification of 10 different endogenous biomolecules. The detection rates of biomolecules in authentic samples were phenylalanine (93.4%), tryptophan (97.1%), propionyl-carnitine (67.1%), butyryl-carnitine (99.6%), isovaleryl-carnitine (92.8%), hexanoyl-carnitine (91.0%), heptanoyl-carnitine (97.1%), octanoyl-carnitine (98.9%), and indoleacetylglutamine (98,2%). Phenylacetylglutamine was detected in each authentic sample. Based on the detection rates and measured creatinine levels, six manipulated samples were identified in this study. In two cases, fake urine was handed over, one time fake urine was most likely used for dilution. Once dilution with other fluids was used as adulteration method, while in another sample a detergent solution was handed over. Additionaly, one sample contained reactive chemicals. All fake urine samples were additionally identified by the detection of unique polyglycole patterns, which were observed in purchased fake urine samples.

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Urine labeling with orally applied marker substances in drug substitution therapy

Cited by 13 publications

References 14 publications

Efficacy of a Polyethylene Glycol Marker System in Urine Drug Screening in an Opiate Substitution Program

Efficacy of a Polyethylene Glycol Marker System in Urine Drug Screening in an Opiate Substitution Program

False Negative Results in Testing for Drugs of Abuse from Diluted Urine

Systematic investigations of novel validity parameters in urine drug testing and prevalence of urine adulteration in a two‐year cohort

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