Urine Metabolite Profiling of Human Colorectal Cancer by Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry Based on MRB

Abstract

Aim. The study was to investigate the metabolic profile of urine metabolites and to elucidate their clinical significance in patients with colorectal cancer. Methods. Colorectal cancers from early stage and advanced stage were used in this study. Urine samples of colorectal cancer patients and healthy adults were collected and subjected to capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry based on moving reaction boundary analysis. The metabolic data were analyzed by SPSS 17.0 to find urinary biomarkers for colorectal cancer. Results. The results indicated that the urine metabolic profiling of colorectal cancer patients had significant changes compared with the normal controls, and there were also differences between early stage and advanced colorectal cancer patients. Compared with the control group, the levels of isoleucine, valine, arginine, lactate acid and leucine increased (P < 0.05), but those of histidine, methionine, serine, aspartic acid, citric acid, succinate, and malic acid decreased in urine samples from colorectal cancer (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of isoleucine and valine were lower in urine of patients with advanced colorectal cancer than those in early stage colorectal cancer (P < 0.05). Conclusion. The technique of capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry based on MRB could reveal the significant metabolic alterations during progression of colorectal cancer, and the method is feasible and may be useful for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer.

Blood volatile compounds as biomarkers for colorectal cancer

“…20,21 Orna et al performed exhaled breath analyses of patients with different lung cancer pathologies and found that the composition of exhaled VOCs was different among these patients; in particular, the concentrations of the three compounds of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1,3-dimethyl-benzene, and 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-benzene were significantly higher in patients with adenocarcinoma than in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. 22 Chen et al 23 examined four types of lung cancer, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, bronchial carcinoid tumor, and non-small-cell lung cancer, and determined that different VOCs are exhaled by patients with different lung cancer types.…”

“…20 In recent years, many investigations have focused on analyzing CRC by determining the urinary metabolic profiles, blood levels of water-soluble metabolites, and exhaled VOCs of CRC patients. 8,15,21 To the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated the specific volatile metabolic biomarkers that exist in the blood of CRC. Chen performed a metabolomics analysis of the effects of CRC on urine and determined that relative to the urine of a control group of healthy individuals, the urine of CRC patients exhibited significantly higher levels of lactic acid but lower levels of histidine and methionine.…”

“…Chen performed a metabolomics analysis of the effects of CRC on urine and determined that relative to the urine of a control group of healthy individuals, the urine of CRC patients exhibited significantly higher levels of lactic acid but lower levels of histidine and methionine. 21 This increase in the levels of lactic acid and other substances is caused by the elevated metabolic state of cancer cells. In particular, glycolysis increases in these cells; as a result, large quantities of glucose are converted into lactic acid even under aerobic conditions, a phenomenon that is known as the "Warburg effect".…”

Metabonomics of Human Colorectal Cancer: New Approaches for Early Diagnosis and Biomarker Discovery

“…40 It has been used for urinary and tissue metabolite profiling of CRC patients. 41,42 With the different advantages and limitations of NMR and MS techniques, multiple complementary analytical platforms are often utilized in order to maximize the spectrum of detectable metabolic changes associated with CRC. 36,43,44 In addition, metabolite elucidation and target quantification of metabolites of interest can also be performed by multiple analytical platforms.…”

Metabolomic Profiling in Colorectal Cancer: Opportunities for Personalized Medicine

“…The reduction of polyunsaturated ultra-long-chain fatty acids and the increase of long-chain fatty acids suggest the alteration of enzymes, such as fatty acid desaturases, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of CRC. The significance of one of the polyunsaturated ultra-long-chain fatty acids, [10,45,46] Fecal water biomarkers (analytical platforms: NMR)…”