Urine microbiome in individuals with an impaired immune system

Abstract

With the advent of next generation sequencing, it is now appreciated that human urine is not sterile. Recent investigations of the urinary microbiome (urobiome) have provided insights into several urological diseases. Urobiome dysbiosis, defined as non-optimal urine microbiome composition, has been observed in many disorders; however, it is not clear whether this dysbiosis is the cause of urinary tract disorders or a consequence. In addition, immunologically altered disorders are associated with higher rates of urinary tract infections. These disorders include immunoproliferative and immunodeficiency diseases, cancer, and immunosuppressant therapy in transplant recipients. In this review, we examine the current state of knowledge of the urobiome in immunologically altered diseases, its composition and metabolomic consequences. We conclude that more data are required to describe the urobiome in immune altered states, knowledge that could facilitate understanding the role of the urobiome and its pathophysiological effects on urinary tract infections and other disorders of the urinary tract.

The Role of Metabolomics and Microbiology in Urinary Tract Infection

“…Moustafa et al [30] successfully analyzed 116 samples by 16S rDNA sequencing and found that abnormal proliferation of microbiota such as Aspergillus and E. coli was found in the patients. An increasing number of researchers have confirmed changes in the microbiome in UTIs, including abnormal proliferation of bacterial communities and reduced microbial diversity [22,31,32] (Figure 1 (right), urethral microbiota of female UTI UTI formation and the makeup of the urine microbiota in people are starting to be intensively researched [28]. Traditionally, normal urine culture procedures used in clinical microbiology labs have been the basis for the identification of UT bacteria.…”

“…UTI formation and the makeup of the urine microbiota in people are starting to be intensively researched [ 28 ]. Traditionally, normal urine culture procedures used in clinical microbiology labs have been the basis for the identification of UT bacteria.…”

“…The current theory on the genesis of the female urine microbiota suggests that it might come from the environment, the vaginal microbiota, and the gut microbiota. Research indicates that there may be a possibility of bacterial migration from the stomach to the UT due to the correlation between the gut microbiota and the urinary microbiota’s diversity and composition [ 28 ].…”