Urine phthalate determinations as an index of occupational exposure to phthalic anhydride and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.

Liss, Gary M.; Albro, Phillip W.; Hartle, R.W.; Stringer, William

doi:10.5271/sjweh.2209

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Using published air sampling data, and assuming 10 m 3 of air inhaled during a work shift, a body weight of 70 kg, and a 5-day work week, Huber et al (1996) estimated mean DEHP daily intake in PVC processing at 12-26 mg/kg/day (data from Dirven et al (1993)) and o2-30 mg/kg/day (data from Vainotalo and Pfa˜ffli (1990)), pipe coating with DEHP-based plastisol at 10 mg/kg/day (data from NIOSH (1979)), and phthalate manufacturing at 7.1 mg/kg/day (data from Liss et al (1985)). GM daily intake estimates in our PVC-processing operations, PVC film (17 mg/kg/day) and PVC compounding (12 mg/kg/day), were comparable to the air sample-based estimates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated daily intake of phthalates in occupationally exposed groups

Hines

Hopf

Deddens

et al. 2009

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Improved analytical methods for measuring urinary phthalate metabolites have resulted in biomarker-based estimates of phthalate daily intake for the general population, but not for occupationally exposed groups. In 2003-2005, we recruited 156 workers from eight industries where materials containing diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were used as part of the worker's regular job duties. Phthalate metabolite concentrations measured in the workers' end-shift urine samples were used in a simple pharmacokinetic model to estimate phthalate daily intake. DEHP intake estimates based on three DEHP metabolites combined were 0.6-850 mg/kg/day, with the two highest geometric mean (GM) intakes in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film manufacturing (17 mg/kg/day) and PVC compounding (12 mg/kg/day). All industries, except phthalate manufacturing, had some workers whose DEHP exposure exceeded the U.S. reference dose (RfD) of 20 mg/kg/day. A few workers also exceeded the DEHP European tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 50 mg/kg/day. DEP intake estimates were 0.5-170 mg/kg/day, with the highest GM in phthalate manufacturing (27 mg/kg/day). DBP intake estimates were 0.1-76 mg/kg/day, with the highest GMs in rubber gasket and in phthalate manufacturing (17 mg/kg/day, each). No DEP or DBP intake estimates exceeded their respective RfDs. The DBP TDI (10 mg/kg/day) was exceeded in three rubber industries and in phthalate manufacturing. These intake estimates are subject to several uncertainties; however, an occupational contribution to phthalate daily intake is clearly indicated in some industries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated daily intake of phthalates in occupationally exposed groups

Hines

Hopf

Deddens

et al. 2009

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Until recently, chemical analysis for human exposure to phthalates was limited to highly exposed populations (18,19) because contamination of samples by laboratory materials hampered measurements in environmentally exposed subjects. A new assay is available that measures the phthalate monoester metabolites in urine, reducing the potential for sample contamination from laboratory materials (20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The metabolite is subsequently glucoronidated and excreted in the urine. In addition to reducing the potential for contamination, measurement of monoester metabolites has the added advantage of having longer biologic half-lives (~12 hr) than the diester phthalate (< 3 hr) (18,19,21). Furthermore, most of the toxicity is associated with the phthalate monoester.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproducibility of urinary phthalate metabolites in first morning urine samples.

Hoppin

Brock²,

Davis³

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

289

175

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Phthalates are ubiquitous in our modern environment because of their use in plastics and cosmetic products. Phthalate monoesters--primarily monoethylhexyl phthalate and monobutyl phthalate--are reproductive and developmental toxicants in animals. Accurate measures of phthalate exposure are needed to assess their human health effects. Phthalate monoesters have a biologic half-life of approximately 12 hr, and little is known about the temporal variability and daily reproducibility of urinary measures in humans. To explore these aspects, we measured seven phthalate monoesters and creatinine concentration in two consecutive first-morning urine specimens from 46 African-American women, ages 35-49 years, residing in the Washington, DC, area in 1996-1997. We measured phthalate monoesters using high-pressure liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry on a triple quadrupole instrument using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. We detected four phthalate monoesters in all subjects, with median levels of 31 ng/mL for monobenzyl phthalate (mBzP), 53 ng/mL for monobutyl phthalate (mBP), 211 ng/mL for monoethyl phthalate (mEP), and 7.3 ng/mL for monoethylhexyl phthalate (mEHP). These were similar to concentrations reported for other populations using spot urine specimens. Phthalate levels did not differ between the two sampling days. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the concentrations on the 2 days was 0.8 for mBP, 0.7 for mEHP, 0.6 for mEP, and 0.5 for mBzP. These results suggest that even with the short half-lives of phthalates, women's patterns of exposure may be sufficiently stable to assign an exposure level based on a single first morning void urine measurement.

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“…Nicht berück sich tigt wer den u.a. die An ga ben von Liss et al [121] zu Phtha lat-Mes sun gen im Urin von Ar bei tern, die am Ar beits platz Phthal säu rean hy drid und DEHP aus gesetzt wa ren, weil in die ser Stu die die Summe al ler Phtha lat-Me ta bo li ten nach Al bro et al [114] ge mes sen wur de.…”

Section: Urinunclassified

Stoffmonographie Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalat (DEHP)—Referenzwerte für 5oxo-MEHP und 5OH-MEHP im Urin

2005

Bundesgesundheitsbl - Gesundheitsforsch - Gesundheitsschutz

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Be kannt ma chung des Um welt bun des am tesStoff mo no gra phie Di(2-ethyl hexyl)phtha lat (DEHP) -Re fe renz wer te für 5oxo-MEHP und 5OH-MEHP im Urin Stel lung nah me der Kom mis si on Hu man-Bio mo ni to ring des Um welt bun des am tes Sub stanz Di(2-ethyl hexyl) phtha lat Ab kür zung DEHP CAS-Num mer 117-81-7 Molmas se 390,56 [g/mol] Sum men for mel C 24 H 38 O 4 Schmelz punkt -50ºC Sie de punkt 385ºC Dich te 0,9843 [g/ml] (bei 20ºC) Dampf druck 18,1 x 10 -6 Pa (bei 20ºC) Was ser lös lich keit 29 x 10 -6 g/L (bei 20ºC) log P ow 7,46 1 PVC-Pro duk te mit ei nem Weich ma cher ge halt von 0-12% wer den als Hart-PVC, sol che mit ei nem Weich ma cher ge halt von >12% als Weich-PVC be zeich net. PVC-Pro duk te mit ei nem sehr ho hen Weich ma cher ge halt hei ßen Plas ti so le (PVC-Pas te) [2].

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Urine phthalate determinations as an index of occupational exposure to phthalic anhydride and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.

Cited by 45 publications

References 16 publications

Estimated daily intake of phthalates in occupationally exposed groups

Estimated daily intake of phthalates in occupationally exposed groups

Reproducibility of urinary phthalate metabolites in first morning urine samples.

Stoffmonographie Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalat (DEHP)—Referenzwerte für 5oxo-MEHP und 5OH-MEHP im Urin

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