Urolithiasis through the ages

Shah, Jyoti; Whitfield, H. N.

doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.2002.02769.x

Cited by 89 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Three centuries BC, Ammonius first mentioned that crushing a bladder stone would make its removal much easier, for which he received his nickname “Lithotomus” = Stein-Schneider (stone cutter) [3]. Regardless of his revolutionary thoughts, surgical procedures for stone removal only became popular centuries later.…”

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

History, epidemiology and regional diversities of urolithiasis

2010

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Archeological findings give profound evidence that humans have suffered from kidney and bladder stones for centuries. Bladder stones were more prevalent during older ages, but kidney stones became more prevalent during the past 100 years, at least in the more developed countries. Also, treatment options and conservative measures, as well as 'surgical' interventions have also been known for a long time. Our current preventive measures are definitively comparable to those of our predecessors. Stone removal, first lithotomy for bladder stones, followed by transurethral methods, was definitively painful and had severe side effects. Then, as now, the incidence of urolithiasis in a given population was dependent on the geographic area, racial distribution, socio-economic status and dietary habits. Changes in the latter factors during the past decades have affected the incidence and also the site and chemical composition of calculi, with calcium oxalate stones being now the most prevalent. Major differences in frequency of other constituents, particularly uric acid and struvite, reflect eating habits and infection risk factors specific to certain populations. Extensive epidemiological observations have emphasized the importance of nutritional factors in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis, and specific dietary advice is, nowadays, often the most appropriate for prevention and treatment of urolithiasis.

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Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

History, epidemiology and regional diversities of urolithiasis

2010

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“…Urinary stone disease was mentioned and treatment of the condition was also described in ancient texts from Persian, Greek, Egyptian and Indian civilizations [1, 9]. Today, one in every 11 individuals experience stone disease during their life and total economic burden of the disease accounts for more than $10 billion expenditures annually, according to the US data [10, 11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open Stone Surgery: Still-in-Use Approach for Complex Stone Burden

Cakici¹,

Ener

Keske

et al. 2017

CEJU

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IntroductionUrinary stone disease is a major urological condition. Endourologic techniques have influenced the clinical approach and outcomes. Open surgery holds a historic importance in the management of most conditions. However, complex kidney stone burden may be amenable to successful results with open stone surgery. In this article, we report our eighteen cases of complex urinary stone disease who underwent open stone removal.Material and methodsA total of 1701 patients have undergone surgical treatment for urinary stone disease in our clinic between July 2012 and July 2016, comprising eighteen patients who underwent open stone surgery. Patients’ demographic data, stone analysis results, postoperative clinical data, and stone status were evaluated retrospectively. The choice of surgical approach is mostly dependent on the surgeon’s preference. In two patients, open surgery was undertaken because of perioperative complications.ResultsWe did not observe any Clavien-Dindo grade 4 or 5 complications. Three patients were managed with a course of antibiotics due to postoperative fever. One patient had postoperative pleurisy, one patient had urinoma, and two patients had postoperative ileus. Mean operation time was 84 (57–124) minutes and mean hospitalization time was 5.5 (3–8) days. Stone-free status was achieved in 15 patients (83.3%).ConclusionsEndourologic approaches are the first options for treatment of urinary stone disease. However, open stone surgery holds its indispensable position in complicated cases and in complex stone burden. Open stone surgery is also a valid alternative to endourologic techniques in all situations.

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“…This bladder stone composed of several types of minerals including uric acid (UA), calcium oxalate (CaOx), calcium phosphate (CaP) and magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP). It was dated before 4500 B.C., meaning that the first evidenced urinary stone occurred over 7000 years ago [120,121]. Even though UL is a long-standing disease staying with us since the origin of human history, the mechanism of urinary stone formation is still not fully understood.…”

Section: Urolithiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress in Urolithiasis

Boonla¹

2018

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Living Cells

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Oxygen is absolutely essential for the survival of our life. However, metabolic consumption of oxygen inevitably yields reactive oxygen species (ROS). Imbalance of ROS production and antioxidant capacity causes oxidative stress that potentially damages biomolecules leading to cell injury and death. In fact, ROS have two-faceted functions. Under physiologic condition, ROS function as signaling molecules and participate in maintaining redox balance. In pathology, ROS induce oxidative stress that critically involves in the development of several diseases including urolithiasis (UL). UL or urinary stone disease is a common urologic condition in all countries with progressively increasing prevalence. Most of UL are multifactorial with polygenic susceptibility and highly recurrent nature. Formation of urinary stones is driven by supersaturation of urinary lithogenic ions, and calcium oxalate (CaOx) is the most prevalent stone type. Oxidative stress clearly plays an active role in UL development. In vitro, lithogenic crystals induce ROS generation in renal tubular cells leading to oxidative stress, cell injury and release of inflammatory mediators. In nephrolithic rats, oxidative stress and CaOx deposit are gradually increased in the rats' kidneys. Intervention with antioxidants efficiently reduces oxidative damage and crystal deposits. Human studies show that patients with UL have increased oxidative stress and renal tubular injury relative to the non-stone-forming individuals. Increased oxidative lesions and inflammation are observed in the stone-containing kidneys of the patients. Furthermore, renal fibrosis mediated through tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition is observed in kidneys of stone patients. Increased renal fibrosis is significantly associated with decreased kidney function. From therapeutic point of view, nutraceutical regimens that are able to reduce oxidative stress may be clinically useful alternatives for preventing stone formation and recurrence. This chapter has an intention to provide a basic knowledge of ROS generation and oxidative stress and up-to-date research findings of oxidative stress in UL based on the published articles as well as the author's studies.

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Urolithiasis through the ages

Cited by 89 publications

References 29 publications

History, epidemiology and regional diversities of urolithiasis

History, epidemiology and regional diversities of urolithiasis

Open Stone Surgery: Still-in-Use Approach for Complex Stone Burden

Oxidative Stress in Urolithiasis

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