Ursolic acid and its esters: occurrence in cranberries and otherVacciniumfruit and effects on matrix metalloproteinase activity in DU145 prostate tumor cells

Abstract

Cranberries (V. macrocarpon) were the best source of ursolic acid and its esters among the fruit and products tested. These compounds may limit prostate carcinogenesis through matrix metalloproteinase inhibition.

Medicinal Plants for Treatment of Cancer: A Brief Review

“…Among the compounds isolated, ursolic acid, quercetin, and 3,5,7,3' ,4'-pentahydroxyflavonol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside showed potent antiproliferative activities against HepG2 cell growth, with EC 50 values of 87.4 ± 2.7, 40.9 ± 1.1, and 49.2 ± 4.9 µM, respectively. 139,140 …”

Cranberries and Cancer: An Update of Preclinical Studies Evaluating the Cancer Inhibitory Potential of Cranberry and Cranberry Derived Constituents

“…Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assays as a measurement of cell proliferation inform how cranberry derived constituents modulate S-phase cell cycle kinetics. Esophagus CP-C C-PAC ↓ total reactive oxygen species [38] JHEsoAD1 C-PAC ↑ autophagy in acid-sensitive cells, pro-death [39,40] ↑ necrosis in acid-resistant cells [39] ↑ G 2 -M cell cycle arrest [39] ↑ total reactive oxygen species [38] ↑ hydrogen peroxide levels [38] ↓ cell viability [40,41] ↓ PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling [39] OE33 C-PAC ↑ autophagy in acid-sensitive cells [39] ↑ low levels of apoptosis [39]↑ G 2 -M cell cycle arrest [39] ↓ cell proliferation [39] ↑ total reactive oxygen species [38] ↓ PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling [39] OE19 C-PAC ↑ necrosis in acid-resistant cells [39] ↑ G 2 -M cell cycle arrest with significant S-phase delay [39] ↑ total reactive oxygen species [38] ↑ hydrogen peroxide levels [38] ↓ PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling [39] ↓ cell viability [40,41] Glioblastoma SF295 UA ↓ cell density [29] U87 C-PAC ↑ apoptosis [36]; ↑ G 1 cell cycle arrest [36] ↓ cell viability [36] …”

“…↑ apoptosis [36]; ↑ G 1 cell cycle arrest [36] ↓ cell viability [28] Leukemia K562 C-PAC ↓ cell density [26] RPMI8226 UA ↓ cell density [29] Liver HepG2 CE ↑ reduced glutathione levels [22] ↓ glutathione peroxidase activity [22] ↓ lipid peroxidation [22] ↓ reactive oxygen species [22] …”

“…↑ reduced glutathione levels [22] ↓ glutathione peroxidase activity [22] ↓ lipid peroxidation [22] ↓ reactive oxygen species [ NCI-H322M UA ↓ cell density [29] NCI-H460 C-PAC ↑ apoptosis [37,42]; ↑ G 1 cell cycle arrest [37] ↓ cell density [26]; ↓ cell viability [37] ↓ cell proliferation [37] UA ↓ cell density [29,30] Lymphoma Rev-2-T-6 NDM ↓ cell viability [43] ↓ extracellular matrix invasion [43] Melanoma M14 C-PAC ↓ cell density [26] UA ↓ cell density [30] SK-MEL5 Fr6 ↓ cell viability [28] Neuroblastoma IMR-32 C-PAC ↓ cell viability [44] SH-Sy5Y C-PAC ↓ cell viability [44] SK-N-SH C-PAC ↓ cell viability [44] SMS-KCNR C-PAC ↑ apoptosis [44]; ↑ G 2 -M cell cycle arrest [44] ↑ reactive oxygen species [44] ↓ PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling [44] ↓ cell viability [44,45] Oral Cavity CAL27 CE ↑ apoptosis [46]; ↓ cell adhesion [46] ↓ cell density [46]; ↓ cell viability [ Renal RXF393 UA ↓ cell density [29] SN12C UA ↓ cell density [29] TK-10 UA ↓ cell density [29] Stomach AGS CJE ↓ cell viability [25] SGC-7901 CE ↑ apoptosis [53] ↓ cell proliferation [53] ↓ cell viability [53] Cranberry derived constituents are abbreviated as follows: anthocyanins (ANTHO), organic-soluble cranberry extract (CE), cranberry juice extract (CJE), cranberry proanthocyanidin-rich fraction (C-PAC), flavonoid-rich fraction 6 (Fr6), flavonoid glycosides (FG), non-di...…”

Highlights of Natural Products in Prostate Cancer Drug Discovery

“…Ursolic acid (UA, Fig. 7) is present in many plants such as Salvia officinalis and Basil (Ocimum sanctum) and also a constituent of several herbal medicines marketed in Asia and worlwide for inflammatory conditions (Aggarwal & Shishodia, 2006, Kondo et al, 2011, Kwon et al, 2010. UA inhibits the proliferation of PC-3 and LNCaP cells with IC 50 values of 32.6 and 15.7 μM, respectively (Kassi et al, 2007).…”