US PTAs

Schott, Jeffrey J.; Muir, Julia

doi:10.1017/cbo9781139236775.008

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Together these counties have an aggregate GDP of US$28 trillion (40% of the world total), and were attributed to 27% of world exports worth US$6 trillion in 2011. The TPP is also significant because it serves as an interim arrangement prior to a more comprehensive Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacific (FTAAP) that may incorporate a greater number of countries [ 127 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The threat of similar future arbitration from TRCCs may promote regulatory chill among domestic policy-makers (i.e. reluctance to adopt a given policy mechanisms through fear of an investor dispute) and thereby constrain future innovation in public health policy targeting risk commodities [ 121 , 127 ]. The example also indicates that TRCCs can leverage PTAs from whichever country they have a subsidiary and from wherever their legal standing most favourable.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…generic) drugs do not infringe on existing patents. Data exclusivity is a period when a patent holder may withhold test data from generic manufacturers thereby constraining the ability to manufacture it (although this may be voluntary for developing countries) [ 127 , 128 ]. Together, these provisions have the potential to restrain access to and increase prices of NCD medicines and technologies in the region.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trade and investment liberalization and Asia’s noncommunicable disease epidemic: a synthesis of data and existing literature

2014

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BackgroundTrade and investment liberalization (trade liberalization) can promote or harm health. Undoubtedly it has contributed, although unevenly, to Asia’s social and economic development over recent decades with resultant gains in life expectancy and living standards. In the absence of public health protections, however, it is also a significant upstream driver of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes through facilitating increased consumption of the ‘risk commodities’ tobacco, alcohol and ultra-processed foods, and by constraining access to NCD medicines. In this paper we describe the NCD burden in Asian countries, trends in risk commodity consumption and the processes by which trade liberalization has occurred in the region and contributed to these trends. We further establish pressing questions for future research on strengthening regulatory capacity to address trade liberalization impacts on risk commodity consumption and health.MethodsA semi-structured search of scholarly databases, institutional websites and internet sources for academic and grey literature. Data for descriptive statistics were sourced from Euromonitor International, the World Bank, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade Organization.ResultsConsumption of tobacco, alcohol and ultra-processed foods was prevalent in the region and increasing in many countries. We find that trade liberalization can facilitate increased trade in goods, services and investments in ways that can promote risk commodity consumption, as well as constrain the available resources and capacities of governments to enact policies and programmes to mitigate such consumption. Intellectual property provisions of trade agreements may also constrain access to NCD medicines. Successive layers of the evolving global and regional trade regimes including structural adjustment, multilateral trade agreements, and preferential trade agreements have enabled transnational corporations that manufacture, market and distribute risk commodities to increasingly penetrate and promote consumption in Asian markets.ConclusionsTrade liberalization is a significant driver of the NCD epidemic in Asia. Increased participation in trade agreements requires countries to strengthen regulatory capacity to ensure adequate protections for public health. How best to achieve this through multilateral, regional and unilateral actions is a pressing question for ongoing research.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trade and investment liberalization and Asia’s noncommunicable disease epidemic: a synthesis of data and existing literature

2014

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“…72 This is the only free trade agreement in which the number of participating nations has increased while negotiations are under way. 73 It excludes Brazil. The Trans-Pacific Partnership is seen in the United States and Asia as a response to the rise of China and a better way to compete with China, 74 but it is seen in Santiago as a message to the international community that Chile's economy is far more sophisticated, and thus Asia-worthy, than that of Brazil.…”

Section: Neighborhood Effects: Cooperation and Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding International Partnership: The Complicated Rapprochement between the United States and Brazil

Corrales¹

2015

Political Science Quarterly

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“…Guiding light within a dielectric medium always leads to some loss from material absorption, however high-quality optical glasses can be very transparent over several centimeters of thickness. F2, a common flint glass, has high internal transmission (τ 25mm =0.998 at λ=546nm) and index of refraction (n d =1.62) 16 . Light can be guided in the material for a meter length and still maintain 92% of its original energy.…”

Section: Concentrator Design and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Planar micro-optic solar concentration using multiple imaging lenses into a common slab waveguide

Karp

Ford

2009

SPIE Proceedings

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Conventional CPV systems focus sunlight directly onto a PV cell, usually through a non-imaging optic to avoid hot spots. In practice, many systems use a shared tracking platform to mount multiple smaller aperture lenses, each concentrating light into an associated PV cell. Scaling this approach to the limit would result in a thin sheet-like geometry. This would be ideal in terms of minimizing the tracking system payload, especially since such thin sheets can be arranged into louvered strips to minimize wind-force loading. However, simply miniaturizing results in a large number of individual PV cells, each needed to be packaged, aligned, and electrically connected. Here we describe for the first time a different optical system approach to solar concentrators, where a thin lens array is combined with a shared multimode waveguide. The benefits of a thin optical design can therefore be achieved with an optimum spacing of the PV cells. The guiding structure is geometrically similar to luminescent solar concentrators, however, in micro-optic waveguide concentrators sunlight is coupled directly into the waveguide without absorption or wavelength conversion. This opens a new design space for high-efficiency CPV systems with the potential for cost reduction in both optics and tracking mechanics. In this paper, we provide optical design and preliminary experimental results of one implementation specifically intended to be compatible with large-scale roll processing. Here the waveguide is a uniform glass sheet, held between the lens array and a corresponding array of micro-mirrors self-aligned to each lens focus during fabrication.

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US PTAs

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Trade and investment liberalization and Asia’s noncommunicable disease epidemic: a synthesis of data and existing literature

Trade and investment liberalization and Asia’s noncommunicable disease epidemic: a synthesis of data and existing literature

Understanding International Partnership: The Complicated Rapprochement between the United States and Brazil

Planar micro-optic solar concentration using multiple imaging lenses into a common slab waveguide

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