“…Indeed, the qualification "early and often" asks designers to include users not only before but throughout the implementation of a design, be it product or process. Ideally, students become co-creators of the course architecture, and the overall effect is that of a more participatory design approach (Spinuzzi, 2005) to developing course materials and in the case of the LMS, something like Michael Salvo et al's (2009) "discursive technology. "…”