Use and Development of the Rutter Parents’ and Teachers’ Scales

Elander, James; Rutter, Michael

doi:10.1002/(sici)1234-988x(199607)6:2<63::aid-mpr151>3.3.co;2-m

Cited by 308 publications

(287 citation statements)

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“…When the child was about three and a half years old, parents were asked to assess their child on different dimensions following the Revised Rutter Parent Scale for Preschool Children, which is an extension of the Rutter behaviour scale (Elander and Rutter 1996). Parents were given descriptions of children, and were asked to tick the box that best described their child.…”

Section: Main Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of breastfeeding on children's cognitive and noncognitive development

2012

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The Effect of Breastfeeding on Children's Cognitive and Noncognitive DevelopmentThis paper uses propensity score matching methods to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding and children's cognitive and noncognitive development. We find that breastfeeding for four weeks is positively and statistically significantly associated with higher cognitive test scores, by around one tenth of a standard deviation. The association between breastfeeding and noncognitive development is weaker, and is restricted to children of less educated mothers. We conclude that interventions which increase breastfeeding rates would improve not only children's health, but also their cognitive skills, and possibly also their noncognitive development. IntroductionThis paper examines the relationship between breastfeeding and children's later cognitive and noncognitive outcomes. This is a topic of considerable importance for policy in the UK: the World HealthOrganization recommends breastfeeding exclusively for six months and alongside solid foods for two years, but in the UK, barely one in three infants is exclusively breastfed during the first four months of life. Given the increasing recognition of the importance of very early interventions in children's development and later outcomes; and given the huge social gradient in breastfeeding rates, with the most privileged mothers currently being many times more likely to breastfeed than the least privileged mothers, breastfeeding may well be a significant route for the intergenerational transmission of human capital. Recent research shows a significant impact of behavioural and psycho-social outcomes on earnings and education (Duncan and Dunifon 1998;Heckman et al. 2006;Mueller and Plug 2006). Differences in children's cognitive development emerge at early ages (Illsey 2002;Feinstein 2003;Cunha et al. 2010), and the importance of timely parental investments (prenatal as well as post-natal) is increasingly recognized as a major factor in fostering child development (Carneiro and Heckman 2003;Del Bono et al. 2008). A fuller understanding of the relationship between breastfeeding and various aspects of child development is therefore crucial for an understanding of the intergenerational transmission of inequality, and for policy-making aimed at reducing inequality.There is a well-established association between breastfeeding and a range of positive health outcomes in children, such as a lower incidence of asthma and middle ear and urinary tract infections (Dyson et al., 2006). A smaller body of research also shows breastfeeding to be related to better gross motor development (Sacker et al., 2006), and improved cognitive ability (Anderson et al., 1999). Other potential effects of breastfeeding, such as cognitive and noncognitive outcomes of the type investigated here, are much less well * This paper has benefited from comments provided by participants at the British Society of Population Studies and at the 5 th conference of Epidemiological Longitudinal Studies in Europe; from ...

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Section: Main Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of breastfeeding on children's cognitive and noncognitive development

2012

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“…Anti-social behaviour is measured using a combination of reports on contact with the police, frequent school absences, and a measure of aggression (following Hobcraft 1998; see also Elander and Rutter 1996). We combined two reports at the age 16 wave on whether the cohort member had been in contact with the police; reports on truancy or frequent school absences from the two later childhood waves; and measures of aggression at each of the three childhood waves (see Hobcraft 1998 andSigle-Rushton 2004 for further details).…”

Section: Childhood Antecedentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The timing and partnership context of becoming a parent

Hobcraft

2008

DemRes

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“…At ages 7, 9, and 11 parents completed the Rutter Child Scale (RCS) 36,37 questionnaire that inquires about a child's symptoms of behavioural and emotional disorder during the past year. Parents rate each behaviour on the RCS as 'does not apply' (0), 'applies somewhat' (1), or 'certainly applies' (2).…”

Section: Parent Reports Of Hyperactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The dopamine D4 receptor and the hyperactivity phenotype: a developmental-epidemiological study

et al. 2002

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 2-6% of school-age children and is a precursor of behavioural problems in adolescence and adulthood. Underlying the categorical definition of ADHD are the quantitative traits of activity, impulsivity, and inattention which vary continuously in the population. Both ADHD and quantitative measures of hyperactivity are heritable, and influenced by multiple genes of small effect. Several studies have reported an association between clinically defined ADHD and the seven-repeat allele of a 48-bp tandem repeat polymorphism in the third exon of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4). We tested this association in a large, unselected birth cohort (n = 1037) using multiple measures of the hyperactivity phenotype taken at multiple assessment ages across 20 years. This longitudinal approach allowed us to ascertain whether or not DRD4 has a general effect on the diagnosed (n = 49) or continuously distributed hyperactivity phenotype, and related personality traits. We found no evidence to support this association.

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Use and Development of the Rutter Parents’ and Teachers’ Scales

Cited by 308 publications

References 0 publications

The effect of breastfeeding on children's cognitive and noncognitive development

The effect of breastfeeding on children's cognitive and noncognitive development

The timing and partnership context of becoming a parent

The dopamine D4 receptor and the hyperactivity phenotype: a developmental-epidemiological study

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