Use and Selection of Sap Trees by Yellow-Bellied Sapsuckers

Eberhardt, Laurie

doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0041:uasost]2.0.co;2

Cited by 39 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Although the identity of core plant species changed over the seasons, P. ruscifolia was the most important and was consumed in a proportion much greater than were the other species. While we cannot state the causes of the White-fronted Woodpecker's preference for P. ruscifolia, selection of plant species by sap-feeding birds might be associated with structural characteristics of the plants, such as size (Pejchar and Jeffrey 2004, Varner et al 2006, Kozma 2010, plant health (Eberhardt 2000), bark thickness, sap supply, and microenvironmental variables (Pejchar and Jeffrey 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Several species of woodpeckers (Picidae) drill holes in branches and trunks of living trees to have access to the phloem and feed on sap flows. Among these are species of Sphyrapicus (Tate 1973, Daily et al 1993, Eberhardt 2000, Melanerpes (MacRoberts 1970, Kattan 1988, Genise et al 1993, Winkler and Christie 2002, Picoides (Kozma 2010), and Campephilus (Schlatter and Vergara 2005). In turn, sap wells made by these woodpeckers are used by other animals, such as insects, birds, and mammals, to reach this energy-rich food resource (Foster and Tate 1966, Holmes 1990, Blendinger 1999.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In turn, sap wells made by these woodpeckers are used by other animals, such as insects, birds, and mammals, to reach this energy-rich food resource (Foster and Tate 1966, Holmes 1990, Blendinger 1999. Sap can be a key resource for certain species during periods of resource scarcity (Smith and Russell 1982, Daily et al 1993, Blendinger 1999, Winkler and Christie 2002, especially for nectarivorous species such as hummingbirds (Trochilidae) and sunbirds (Nectariniidae)] that require high levels of energy (Kilham 1964, O'Donnell and Dilks 1989, Eberhardt 2000, Pejchar and Jeffrey 2004. For these species, sap is a food resource of high energy content, similar to that of flower nectar, because nectar sugars are derived from sucrose translocated in phloem sap (Paton 1980, Gaze and Clout 1983, Nicolson and Fleming 2003.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sap Consumption by the White-fronted Woodpecker and Its Role in Avian Assemblage Structure in Dry Forests

2013

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Abstract. The White-fronted Woodpecker (Melanerpes cactorum) drills holes in branches and trunks to feed on sap flows, providing an energy-rich food resource for other birds. Here we describe ecological and behavioral traits of the White-fronted Woodpecker related to its sap-feeding habits in the semiarid Chaco of Argentina and explore the structure of the avian assemblage in relation to the sap resource. Sap consumption by the White-fronted Woodpecker and other sap-feeding species was strongly seasonal and positively associated with periods of resource scarcity. The White-fronted Woodpecker actively defended the sap wells from smaller birds. Specialist and facultative nectarivores that assimilate sucrose at a high rate represented an important proportion of sap-feeding birds. In this system of woodpecker, sap, and other sap-feeding species, each species' consumption depends on its physiological and behavioral characteristics as well as on the availability of other food in the surrounding environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sap Consumption by the White-fronted Woodpecker and Its Role in Avian Assemblage Structure in Dry Forests

2013

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“…A lack of correlation between the abundance of a tree species and exudativory by pygmy marmosets was noted by Yepez et al [2005]. Other exudate feeders also appear to prefer certain species, and particular individual trees of those species [Eberhardt, 2000;Lacher et al, 1984;O'Donnell & Dilks, 1989;Soini, 1982]. It has been hypothesized that differences in exudate quality and productivity are linked to differences in the use of exudate species [Nash & Whitten, 1989;Yepez et al, 2005].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exudativory in the Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) in Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Tripura, northeast India

Swapna

Radhakrishna

Gupta³

et al. 2009

American J Primatol

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In this study we estimated the extent of exudativory in Nycticebus bengalensis and examined whether exudates can be considered as fallback foods. This study was carried out in Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary, northeastern India, in winter (December-February) and summer (March and April). We estimated time-activity budget using instantaneous sampling and used continuous focal animal sampling to record all instances and durations of feeding, over a total of 177 hr. Feeding accounted for 22.3+/-2.2% of the activity budget, with no seasonal difference. Bengal slow lorises fed on exudates, nectar, fruit, bark, invertebrates and avian eggs. In addition to scraping they also obtained exudates by gouging holes into the bark of trees. In winter, lorises almost exclusively fed on exudates (94.3% of winter feeding time). In summer, exudates (67.3%) and nectar from one species (22.3%) dominated the diet. This study identifies the Bengal slow loris as the most exudativorous loris. Exudates rather than being a staple fallback food, seem to be a preferred, patchily distributed and common food in the diet of the Bengal slow loris. Exudativory in this species is characterized by high selectivity among species and seasonal variation, which may be related to variations in productivity of exudates and their chemical composition. An understanding of these factors is necessary for predicting the response of this species to human disturbance such as logging. This study also underscores the importance of protecting some of the common species such as Terminalia belerica on which the loris feeds during periods of scarcity.

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“…In North America, sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus spp.) extract sap from the extensive series of holes they bore through bark, preferentially selecting species that produce more sap (Eberhardt, 2000). Bark texture can influence the density, diversity and locomotion of both sessile and mobile organisms on tree bark in temperate forest (Cramer, 1975;Stephenson, 1989) and smooth texture bark on tree was hypothesized to be anatomical defences against insect attack (Ferrenberg and Mitton, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bark Traits of Woody Species and Bark Resource Use by Faunal Community in Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of India

Anil¹,

Parthasarathy²

2016

Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol.

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A b s t r a c t A r t i c l e I n f oBark can help to defend trees and lianas against abiotic and biotic disturbances. Bark traits have long been used to characterise tree fire resistance and physical features like texture, anatomy, fissure and sealing can influence the effectiveness of bark in protecting trees from fire, herbivory and microbial infections. We investigated bark traits of 105 woody species (60 trees and 45 lianas) in Indian tropical dry evergreen forest, and the relationship between bark thickness and sap quantity with faunal diversity, to assess the ecological use of bark resources as space and food by various fauna in tropical dry evergreen forest. Bark thickness of tree species in the studied forest varied from 0.02 to 2.23 ± 0.22 cm (maximum for Garcinia spicata and least for Gmelina asiatica) and those of lianas varied from 0.01 to 1.23 ± 0.02 cm (maximum for Plecospermum spinosum and least for Cissus quadrangularis). A total of thirteen species of tree nesters and five species of wood borers utilized bark resource in tropical dry evergreen forest and most common among them include termites (30.47 %) followed by ants and millipedes. The association between bark traits and faunal occurrence was analysed with principal component analysis (PCA) and trade-offs were ascertained with bivariate Pearson correlation. Evidently bark texture, fissure and thickness play a positive role in accommodating fauna (p<0.01) in tropical dry evergreen forest. The co-occurrence among bark faunal groups is also evident and the highest values of co-occurrence were recorded for ants -millipedes. Our results reveal that bark traits of woody species provide suitable habitat for wood borers and tree nesters. This study provides a ground work for further investigation on the functional aspects of bark in tropical woody species.

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Use and Selection of Sap Trees by Yellow-Bellied Sapsuckers

Cited by 39 publications

References 25 publications

Sap Consumption by the White-fronted Woodpecker and Its Role in Avian Assemblage Structure in Dry Forests

Sap Consumption by the White-fronted Woodpecker and Its Role in Avian Assemblage Structure in Dry Forests

Exudativory in the Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) in Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Tripura, northeast India

Bark Traits of Woody Species and Bark Resource Use by Faunal Community in Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of India

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