Use of 2‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography to assess left ventricular systolic function in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Abstract

Background Early identification of systolic dysfunction in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) potentially could improve the outcome and decrease mortality. Objective To compare 2‐dimensional speckle tracking (2D‐STE) with 2‐dimensional (2D) and M‐mode echocardiography in the evaluation of systolic function in SIRS dogs. Animals Seventeen SIRS and 17 healthy dogs. Methods Prospective observational case‐control study. Each dog underwent physical examination, conventional echocardiography, 2D‐STE, and C‐reactive protein measurement. Results Dogs with SIRS had lower 2D‐STE ejection fraction (X4D‐EF; 44 ± 8 versus 53 ± 8; P = .003), endocardial global longitudinal strain (ENDO‐G‐Long‐St; −14.6 ± 3.2 versus −18.5 ± 4.1; P = .003), and normalized left ventricular diameter in diastole (1.38 ± 0.25 versus 1.54 ± 0.17; P = .04) and systole (0.85 ± 0.18 versus 0.97 ± 0.11; P = .03) as compared to healthy dogs. Simpson method of disks (SMOD) right parasternal EF (55 ± 9 versus 60 ± 6; P = .07) and end systolic volume index (ESVI; 23 ± 10 versus 21 ± 6; P = .61), SMOD left apical EF (59 ± 9 versus 59 ± 6; P = .87) and ESVI (20 ± 8 versus 22 ± 6; P = .25), fractional shortening (FS; 34 ± 5 versus 33 ± 4; P = .39), M‐mode EF (64 ± 7 versus 62 ± 5; P = .35), and ESVI (23 ± 11 versus 30 ± 9; P = .06) were not significantly different between SIRS and control group, respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Speckle tracking X4D‐EF and ENDO‐G‐Long‐St are more sensitive than 2D and M‐Mode FS, EF, and ESVI in detecting systolic impairment in dogs with SIRS.

Role of Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Early Detection of Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Dogs

“…PDA is the most common congenital heart defect in dogs, resulting from the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close, a normal fetal structure that shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta by bypassing the nonfunctional lung and normally closes soon after birth [56]. After birth, the rise in systemic pressure and the drop in pulmonary artery pressure cause blood to flow through the PDA from the aorta to the pulmonary artery (left-to-right shunt), resulting in pulmonary over circulation and volume overload of the left atrium and LV [56]. A study by Spalla et al compared dogs with PDA with healthy controls and found a significant increase in LV dimensions, indicating LV overload in the PDA groups (Table 3) [47].…”

Echocardiographic evaluation of working dogs of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro: effects of the breed and body weight

“…Echocardiography has been used in veterinary medicine since the early 1980s as a non-invasive method for assessing cardiac anatomy and function, providing quantitative information during systole and diastole, and serving as a tool for calculating myocardial function (Boon, 2011;Corda et al, 2019;Dickson et al, 2017;Tilley & Goodwin, 2002). It also allows the evaluation of the relationship between the structure of the heart and blood flow through direct visualization of the cardiac chambers (Corda et al, 2019;Dickson et al, 2017;Gugjoo et al, 2014;Vurucu et al, 2021).…”

Normal Value Ranges of LV Deformation, Rotation and Twist Parameters in Healthy Adults by 4Dimensional XStrain Speckle Tracking Echocardiography

“…Utilizing LV border tracking XStrain4D delivers a more complete and intuitive picture of cardiac deformation behavior, providing temporal compensation for heart rate variations, spatial alignment of the 3 views in 3D space, and adaptation of a dynamic LV surface model. This tool, relying on the high spatial and temporal resolution of 2D imaging acquisitions, addresses and resolves the major limitations and criticalities currently related to the use of fullvolume 3D STE [10][11][12][13][14]. Moreover, this advanced technique can analyse both deformation and rotational parameters meticulously, thoroughly, and accurately.…”