Use of 2n Gametes in Plant Breeding

Dewitte, Angelo; Laere, Katrijn Van; Huylenbroeck, Johan Van

doi:10.5772/29827

Cited by 40 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 183 publications

(153 reference statements)

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“…The 0.06 to 2.17% range is consistent with the observation of Ramsey (2007) that 0.1 to 2% of gametes are expected to be unreduced in nonhybrid populations. As well, the skewed distribution of unreduced gametes, with most individuals having low rates and a few with much higher rates, has been observed before when unreduced gametes have been quantified across large numbers of individuals (Ramsey, 2007;Dewitte et al, 2012). The combination of low-level baseline unreduced gamete production along with a single high-level producer highlights the variable nature of unreduced gamete production that may be a product of environment, development and genetics (Ramsey and Schemske, 1998).…”

Section: Rates Of Unreduced Gamete Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most frequently cited method of inducing unreduced gametes through alteration of environmental conditions is the cycling of hot and cold temperatures (Mason et al, 2011;De Storme et al, 2012). This approach has been used extensively by potato breeders to produce and introgress desirable genes from diploid into tetraploid lineages (Dewitte et al, 2012). Although less intensively studied, nutrient deficiency has also been shown to delay or interfere with formation of integral proteins involved with meiosis initiation (Kimble, 2011) and has been implicated in increased unreduced gamete production (Grant, 1952).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unreduced gametes have been documented in over 34 plant families (Bretagnolle and Thompson, 1995;Dewitte et al, 2012) and at rates ranging from 0.0 to 81.1% of all gametes produced (Ramsey and Schemske, 1998). They are formed through meiotic abnormalities, such as pre-meiotic doubling, premature cytokinesis, mutation in synapsis, lack of spindle fiber segregation and post-meiotic fusion (Bretagnolle and Thompson, 1995;, and through defects in the mitotic cell cycle involving poor control of cyclin-dependent kinases (Brownfield and Köhler, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Menken et al, 1995), likely as a product of unreduced gametes. Unreduced gametes have also been useful in plant breeding to introgress desirable genetic traits between different cytotypes (Dewitte et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of dyads indicates that pollen mother cells failed to complete meiosis, and is a precursor to unreduced gametes (Dewitte et al, 2009). This method is limited by how many cells can be observed, difficulties in distinguishing dyads from cells still undergoing meiosis (Dewitte et al, 2012) and tetrads whose four cells appear as two because of their orientation in two-dimensional microscopy (Bremer, 1963). Although not without its own limitations, flow cytometry (FCM), which directly measures the DNA content of pollen nuclei, overcomes some of the shortcomings of other methods in species meeting criteria for its use Husband, 2012, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic and environmental determinants of unreduced gamete production in Brassica napus, Sinapis arvensis and their hybrids

2016

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Unreduced gametes, sperm or egg cells with the somatic chromosome number, are an important mechanism of polyploid formation and gene flow between heteroploid plants. The meiotic processes leading to unreduced gamete formation are well documented, but the relative influence of environmental and genetic factors on the frequency of unreduced gametes remain largely untested. Furthermore, direct estimates of unreduced gametes based on DNA content are technically challenging and, hence, uncommon. Here, we use flow cytometry to measure the contribution of genetic (hybridization) and environmental (nutrient limitation, wounding) changes to unreduced male gamete production in Brassica napus, Sinapis arvensis and two hybrid lines. Treatments were applied to greenhouse grown plants in a random factorial design, with pollen sampled at two time intervals. Overall, the frequency of unreduced gametes averaged 0.59% (range 0.06-2.17%), plus a single outlier with 27%. Backcrossed hybrids had 39 to 75% higher unreduced gamete production than parental genotypes, averaged across all treatments, although the statistical significance of these differences depended on sampling period and wounding treatment. Unreduced gamete frequencies were higher for the second sampling period than the first. There were no direct effects of wounding or nutrient regime. Our results indicate that both genetic and environmental factors can induce increased unreduced gametes, highlighting the potential importance of environmental heterogeneity and genetic composition of populations in driving polyploid evolution.

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Section: Rates Of Unreduced Gamete Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic and environmental determinants of unreduced gamete production in Brassica napus, Sinapis arvensis and their hybrids

2016

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Occurrence of 2nmicrospore production in diploid interspecific hybrids between the wild parental species of peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL., Leguminosae) and its relevance in the genetic origin of the cultigen

et al. 2020

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Unreduced (2n) gametes are the driving force that leads to polyploidization of plants in nature and an important tool for ploidy breeding. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L., Leguminosae) seems most likely to have originated by sexual polyploidization through interspecific hybridization between the wild diploid relatives—A. duranensis Krapov. & W.C. Greg. and A. ipaënsis Krapov. & W.C. Greg—and subsequent binding of the unreduced gametes in the hybrid. Therefore, aiming to contribute to understanding the event of polyploid origin of this important crop, we made diploid hybrids between A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis and then investigated the production of unreduced gametes in the hybrids by analyzing the size range of pollen, the constitution of the sporads, and the microsporogenesis process. The meiotic abnormalities found, such as persistent bridges, tripolar spindles, and cytomixis processes, would lead to the formation of restitution nuclei in both the first and second meiotic division. These failures in the regularity of meiosis lead to the formation of dyads and triads, and consequently to 2n pollen grains. These findings constitute the first evidence of the formation of unreduced gametes in intergenomic hybrids obtained between the wild progenitors of A. hypogaea and enable us to propose a model of origin of the crop through sexual polyploidization.

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Exploitation of induced 2n-gametes for plant breeding

2013

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Unreduced gamete formation derived via abnormal meiotic cell division is an important approach to polyploidy breeding. This process is considered the main driving force in spontaneous polyploids formation in nature, but the potential application of these gametes to plant breeding has not been fully exploited. An effective mechanism for their artificial induction is needed to attain greater genetic variation and enable efficient use of unreduced gametes in breeding programs. Different approaches have been employed for 2n-pollen production including interspecific hybridization, manipulation of environmental factors and treatment with nitrous oxide, trifluralin, colchicine, oryzalin and other chemicals. These chemicals can act as a stimulus to produce viable 2n pollen; however, their exact mode of action, optimum concentration and developmental stages are still not known. Identification of efficient methods of inducing 2n-gamete formation will help increase pollen germination of sterile interspecific hybrids for inter-genomic recombination and introgression breeding to develop new polyploid cultivars and increase heterozygosity among plant populations. Additionally, the application of genomic tools and identification and isolation of genes and mechanisms involved in the induction of 2n-gamete will enable increased exploitation in different plant species, which will open new avenues for plant breeding.

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Use of 2n Gametes in Plant Breeding

Cited by 40 publications

References 183 publications

Genetic and environmental determinants of unreduced gamete production in Brassica napus, Sinapis arvensis and their hybrids

Genetic and environmental determinants of unreduced gamete production in Brassica napus, Sinapis arvensis and their hybrids

Occurrence of 2nmicrospore production in diploid interspecific hybrids between the wild parental species of peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL., Leguminosae) and its relevance in the genetic origin of the cultigen

Exploitation of induced 2n-gametes for plant breeding

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