Use of 3D Printed Materials as Tissue-Equivalent Phantoms

Kairn, Tanya; Crowe, Scott; Markwell, Tim

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19387-8_179

Cited by 51 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Kairn et al. printed a lung phantom using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS, density 1.05 g/cm³) in a mesh pattern, with air filling the gaps between solid strands of ABS, to produce a lower density . Lung vessels and airways were not included nor did the phantom contain vertebrae and ribs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 3D printing of lung and thorax phantoms has been described before. 2,[14][15][16][17] Jung et al created lung subvolumes with a cylindrical shape to fit into a commercial phantom. 2 They used polylactic acid (PLA, density 1.25 g/cm³) to print lung tissue and the volume that is presumably air inside the lung was filled with 0.3 mm strips as a supporting structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kairn et al printed a lung phantom using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS, density 1.05 g/cm³) in a mesh pattern, with air filling the gaps between solid strands of ABS, to produce a lower density. 14 Lung vessels and airways were not included nor did the phantom contain vertebrae and ribs. Mayer et al used a material jetting additive manufacturing machine to manufacture a thorax phantom with Tango Plus (83 HU) for soft tissue and Vero White (136 HU) for bone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using 3D printing techniques to create an anthropomorphic thorax phantom for medical imaging purposes

et al. 2017

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Purpose: Imaging phantoms are widely used for testing and optimization of imaging devices without the need to expose humans to irradiation. However, commercially available phantoms are commonly manufactured in simple, generic forms and sizes and therefore do not resemble the clinical situation for many patients. Methods: Using 3D printing techniques, we created a life-size phantom based on a clinical CT scan of the thorax from a patient with lung cancer. It was assembled from bony structures printed in gypsum, lung structures consisting of airways, blood vessels >1 mm, and outer lung surface, three lung tumors printed in nylon, and soft tissues represented by silicone (poured into a 3D-printed mold). Results: Kilovoltage x-ray and CT images of the phantom closely resemble those of the real patient in terms of size, shapes, and structures. Surface comparison using 3D models obtained from the phantom and the 3D models used for printing showed mean differences <1 mm for all structures. Tensile tests of the materials used for the phantom show that the phantom is able to endure radiation doses over 24,000 Gy. Conclusions: It is feasible to create an anthropomorphic thorax phantom using 3D printing and molding techniques. The phantom closely resembles a real patient in terms of spatial accuracy and is currently being used to evaluate x-ray-based imaging quality and positional verification techniques for radiotherapy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using 3D printing techniques to create an anthropomorphic thorax phantom for medical imaging purposes

et al. 2017

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“…The tendency for accurate phantoms leading to improved quality assurance measurements and dose verification for radiotherapy has been accelerated mostly using a commercial or open sourced software such as Slic3r. [8][9][10][11] However, such slicing software available in the market has been developed to serve the needs of domestic 3D printing and not one employed for medical purposes. When slicing an anatomical 3D model using such commercial software, it is unknown what parameters have been used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, it has been found that the lungs can be simulated using a linear infill pattern with a low infill density of about 30%. 9,10 Other organs such as fat or muscles can be simulated using higher infill density values. This variable infill density (VID) method results in phantoms with more or less uniform patterns for the whole of each replicated organ and an average electron density corresponding to the infill density used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel 3D printing method for accurate anatomy replication in patient‐specific phantoms

Okkalidis

2018

Medical Physics

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Technical Note: Accurate replication of soft and bone tissues with 3D printing

Okkalidis

Marinakis²

2020

Medical Physics

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Purpose: The fabrication of a realistic patient-specific skull phantom employing for the first time a new filament extrusion rate method, for the accurate replication of soft and bone tissues both in Hounsfield Units (HU) range and in texture. Methods: An in-house developed software was used for the fabrication of the phantom taking into account all the HU of a patient's Computed Tomography (CT) images, replicating the organs voxelby-voxel without the need of a uniform three-dimensional printing pattern. Two commercially available materials were used; the polylactic acid (PLA) filament for the soft tissues, and a mixture of 50% of PLA and 50% of gravimetric powdered stone for the bone tissues. Additionally, a layer of small amounts of PLA were also extruded on the fabricated bones. Results: The replicated anatomy of the phantom was very close to the patient's one, achieving a similar range of HU without creating any air gaps and variations on the replicated HU, which are the main artifacts observed when a standard infill density and pattern is employed. The maximum measured HU values of the replicated bone tissues were at about 900. Conclusions: The results indicated an accurate replication of the soft tissues HU, and a significant improvement of the bone tissue HU replication. Further investigation on materials of high density in conjunction with the filament extrusion rate method may provide custom-made realistic phantoms for diagnostic and lower energy radiation such as in superficial, orthovoltage, and electron beam radiotherapy.

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Use of 3D Printed Materials as Tissue-Equivalent Phantoms

Cited by 51 publications

References 12 publications

Using 3D printing techniques to create an anthropomorphic thorax phantom for medical imaging purposes

Using 3D printing techniques to create an anthropomorphic thorax phantom for medical imaging purposes

A novel 3D printing method for accurate anatomy replication in patient‐specific phantoms

Technical Note: Accurate replication of soft and bone tissues with 3D printing

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