Use of a demonstration project to evaluate viral survival in feed: Proof of concept

Dee, Scott; Shah, Apoorva; Cochrane, R. A.; Clement, Travis; Singrey, Aaron; Edler, Roy; Spronk, Gordon; Niederwerder, Megan C.; Nelson, Eric

doi:10.1111/tbed.13682

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Foreign animal diseases, such as African swine fever virus (ASFV), pose a significant threat to the United States pork industry because contaminated feed ingredients, pork products, and humans can all be potential sources of disease introduction (Dee et al, 2014;Álvarez et al, 2019;Niederwerder et al, 2019;Dee et al, 2020a). Some RNA viruses such as Seneca virus A (SVA), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), have been shown to survive in feed ingredients and infect pigs under experimental conditions (Dee et al, 2014;Niederwerder et al, 2019;Dee et al, 2020b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of a surrogate African swine fever virus-like algal virus in feed matrices using a 23-day commercial United States truck transport model

et al. 2022

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African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a member of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) and is stable in a variety of environments, including animal feed ingredients as shown in previous laboratory experiments and simulations. Emiliania huxleyi virus (EhV) is another member of the NCLDVs, which has a restricted host range limited to a species of marine algae called Emiliania huxleyi. This algal NCLDV has many similar morphological and physical characteristics to ASFV thereby making it a safe surrogate, with results that are applicable to ASFV and suitable for use in real-world experiments. Here we inoculated conventional soybean meal (SBMC), organic soybean meal (SBMO), and swine complete feed (CF) matrices with EhV strain 86 (EhV-86) at a concentration of 6.6 × 107 virus g−1, and then transported these samples in the trailer of a commercial transport vehicle for 23 days across 10,183 km covering 29 states in various regions of the United States. Upon return, samples were evaluated for virus presence and viability using a previously validated viability qPCR (V-qPCR) method. Results showed that EhV-86 was detected in all matrices and no degradation in EhV-86 viability was observed after the 23-day transportation event. Additionally, sampling sensitivity (we recorded unexpected increases, as high as 49% in one matrix, when virus was recovered at the end of the sampling period) rather than virus degradation best explains the variation of virus quantity observed after the 23-day transport simulation. These results demonstrate for the first time that ASFV-like NCLDVs can retain viability in swine feed matrices during long-term transport across the continental United States.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of a surrogate African swine fever virus-like algal virus in feed matrices using a 23-day commercial United States truck transport model

et al. 2022

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“…Simulations of long-distance truck transport of virus-inoculated feed ingredients and complete feed in the U.S. have also been evaluated. Dee et al [50] conducted a demonstration study to determine if viable and infectious PRRSV, PEDV, and SVV-A would survive a 21-day commercial truck transport for more than 9000 km across 14 states in the U.S. when a mixture of these viruses was inoculated in organic and conventional soybean meal, L-lysine HCl, choline chloride, and vitamin A. All viruses were detected as infectious in soybean meal, while infectious SVV-A was found in L-Lysine HCl and vitamin A.…”

Section: Virus Survival In Feed Ingredients During Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using the same experimental design and 23-day commercial U.S. truck transport model, Dee et al [25] showed that inoculation of conventional soybean meal, organic soybean meal, and conventional feed with PRRSV, PEDV, and SVV-A resulted in all viruses remaining infective at the end of the transport period based on pig bioassays. In addition, a surrogate virus (Emiliania huxleyi virus or EhV) for ASFV was used to inoculate conventional and organic soybean meal and swine complete feed to simulate an ASFV contamination event [51] using the same experimental design as described by Dee et al [50]. Results showed that viable EhV was detected in all matrices at the end of the transport period, and no degradation of viability occurred.…”

Section: Virus Survival In Feed Ingredients During Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosecurity and Mitigation Strategies to Control Swine Viruses in Feed Ingredients and Complete Feeds

Shurson

Urriola

Schroeder

2023

Animals

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No system nor standardized analytical procedures at commercial laboratories exist to facilitate and accurately measure potential viable virus contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds globally. As a result, there is high uncertainty of the extent of swine virus contamination in global feed supply chains. Many knowledge gaps need to be addressed to improve our ability to prevent virus contamination and transmission in swine feed. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge involving: (1) the need for biosecurity protocols to identify production, processing, storage, and transportation conditions that may cause virus contamination of feed ingredients and complete feed; (2) challenges of measuring virus inactivation; (3) virus survival in feed ingredients during transportation and storage; (4) minimum infectious doses; (5) differences between using a food safety objective versus a performance objective as potential approaches for risk assessment in swine feed; (6) swine virus inactivation from thermal and irradiation processes, and chemical mitigants in feed ingredients and complete feed; (7) efficacy of virus decontamination strategies in feed mills; (8) benefits of functional ingredients, nutrients, and commercial feed additives in pig diets during a viral health challenge; and (9) considerations for improved risk assessment models of virus contamination in feed supply chains.

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“…It has only been since the outbreak of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States in 2013 that feed as a carrier vehicle for viral pathogens has been established (19,20). Yet, since then there has been overwhelming evidence that pathogens, including PRRSV, survive in feed and pigs can be infected following consumption of contaminated feed (21,22). In an effort to mitigate this threat, a variety of feed additives, such as acids or formaldehyde solutions, have been experimentally evaluated and found effective at reducing PRRSV transmission to pigs in feed (23) after multiple experimental studies showed their effectiveness in reducing the risk of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus transmission, as well as several other viruses (24)(25)(26)(27).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of enhanced biosecurity interventions and their impact on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus outbreaks within a managed group of farrow-to-wean farms, 2020–2021

et al. 2023

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IntroductionPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been a challenge for the U.S. swine industry for over 30 years, costing producers more than $600 million annually through reproductive disease in sows and respiratory disease in growing pigs. In this study, the impact of enhanced biosecurity practices of site location, air filtration, and feed mitigation was assessed on farrow-to-wean sites managed by a large swine production management company in the Midwest United States. Those three factors varied in the system that otherwise had implemented a stringent biosecurity protocol on farrow-to-wean sites. The routine biosecurity followed commonplace activities for farrow-to-wean sites that included but were not limited to visitor registration, transport disinfection, shower-in/shower-out procedures, and decontamination and disinfection of delivered items and were audited.MethodsLogistic regression was used to evaluate PRRSV infection by site based on the state where the site is located and air filtration use while controlling for other variables such as vaccine status, herd size, and pen vs. stall. A descriptive analysis was used to evaluate the impact of feed mitigation stratified by air filtration use.ResultsSites that used feed mitigates as additives in the diets, air filtration of barns, and that were in less swine-dense areas appeared to experience fewer outbreaks associated with PRRSV infection. Specifically, 23.1% of farms that utilized a feed mitigation program experienced PRRSV outbreaks, in contrast to 100% of those that did not. Sites that did not use air filtration had 20 times greater odds of having a PRRSV outbreak. The strongest protective effect was found when both air filtration and feed mitigation were used. Locations outside of Minnesota and Iowa had 98.5–99% lesser odds of infection as well.DiscussionEnhanced biosecurity practices may yield significant protective effects and should be considered for producers in swine-dense areas or when the site contains valuable genetics or many pigs.

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Use of a demonstration project to evaluate viral survival in feed: Proof of concept

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

Survival of a surrogate African swine fever virus-like algal virus in feed matrices using a 23-day commercial United States truck transport model

Survival of a surrogate African swine fever virus-like algal virus in feed matrices using a 23-day commercial United States truck transport model

Biosecurity and Mitigation Strategies to Control Swine Viruses in Feed Ingredients and Complete Feeds

An assessment of enhanced biosecurity interventions and their impact on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus outbreaks within a managed group of farrow-to-wean farms, 2020–2021

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