Use of a dislocation-based boundary element model to extract crack growth rates from depth distributions of intergranular stress corrosion cracks

A review of modelling high pH stress corrosion cracking of high pressure gas pipelines

“…To do this, finite element (FE) solvers, such as ANSYS, ABAQUS, Franc2D, Franc3D, Z‐Cracks, or self‐developed FE solvers have been used in several models and offer robustness at a higher computational cost, particularly for three dimensions. Alternatively, boundary element methods are sometimes used and although they can be more efficient in some cases, no clear case is present for the use of either the boundary element method or finite element method exclusively over the other and the solution remains a matter of preference. Assorted alternative methods exist for calculating fracture parameters around a crack tip, such as enriched FEM (E‐FEM) , extended FEM (X‐FEM) and the particle discretisation scheme FEM (PDS‐FEM) , which often involve enriched nodes and the advantage of mesh independence; however, they have scarcely been used in existing SCC models.…”

“…As high pH SCC in gas pipelines propagates intergranularly, the properties of the microstructure will have an influence on the growth of the cracks. Various methods of creating a representative microstructure have been utilised in previous models with each having their advantages and drawbacks . Some of those studies have gone on to consider the effect of various microstructural properties, such as geometrical factors (shape/size) and grain boundary properties (misorientation, special grain boundaries) .…”

“…An alternate method to the grain growth method is Voronoi tessellation, which has been adopted in various models of polycrystalline solids as the primary method of microstructural representation . Originally created in mathematics as a way of randomly dividing up a finite space into convex subspaces, Voronoi tessellation places a multitude of seed points within a 2D or 3D region .…”

Modeling of inter- and transgranular stress corrosion crack propagation in polycrystalline material by using phase field method

“…The polycrystalline model is also used in [15,16] to simulate the IGSCC in stainless steel. Another technique, namely dislocationbased boundary element model is proposed in [17] to microstructurally study intergranular stress corrosion short cracks in an elastoplastic medium.…”