erineal defects and pressure sores are frequently encountered in practice, and their management may be challenging. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States, with an estimated 43,300 new cases diagnosed in 2020. 1,2 An estimated 2.5 million patients yearly are treated for pressure ulcers. 3 Management of these conditions can be associated with complication rates as high as 66 percent in some series, which further compounds the costs and implications of managing these wounds. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Even with optimized care, they still represent a tremendous burden to health care systems, costing upward of $9.1 billion dollars per year. 3 The goal of this article is to provide an update on the newly available evidence in the management of perineal defects and pressure sores by addressing knowledge gaps and areas of controversy that exist in the reconstruction of these defects.
PERINEAL RECONSTRUCTIONMany factors are known to affect the outcomes of perineal defect reconstruction. [10][11][12][13] These factors need to be considered and optimized to achieve successful reconstruction of perineal defects (Table 1). Although the restoration of sexual function is an important part of the reconstructive process, its discussion is beyond the scope of this review.Perineal reconstruction can be complicated in patients who require neoadjuvant radiation therapy before resection. Studies have shown a significant difference in local recurrence rates with increased circumferential resection margins. Patients with 10-mm margins have a 5-year survival rate of 80 percent in comparison to a 34 percent 5-year survival rate in patients with less than 1-mm