Use of amphetamine-type stimulants in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2004-2015: a review

Shadloo, Behrang; Amin-Esmaeili, Ma­soumeh; Haft-Baradaran, Minoo; Noroozi, Alireza; Jahromi, Reza Ghorban; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin

doi:10.26719/2017.23.3.245

Cited by 41 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Opiates are more accessible and are even seen as a cultural norm in some part of the country (17,18). Although there is more recent research showing an increasing pattern of injecting heroin as well as stimulants use, traditional inhalation of opium remains the leading form of its consumption (17,(19)(20)(21) Although the second most prevalent consumed drug prior to the current hospitalization reported to be hypnotics and sedatives, this might be due to the fact that most of the patients received benzodiazepines in hospital or as a medication along with their other medications by psychiatrists rather than as illicit use. The next most commonly reported drug was methamphetamine compounds (known as crystal or shisheh) in Iran.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Substance Use among Psychiatric Patients with Psychosis and Determining its Strongest Predictor

Sharhani

Higgs

Piri

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Although comorbidity of substance use and psychotic disorders can lead to increase in morbidity and mortality, less is known about the prevalence and predictors. Patients with psychosis tend to be overlooked during clinical assessment, therefore, the possibility of a missed or undertreated condition such as substance use increases. This study aims to measure the prevalence of substance use in patients with psychosis and to assess the strongest predictors.Method In a 1 year observational study (October 2017- November 2018), 311 patients with psychosis who were admitted to Razi Psychiatry Hospital; Tehran; Iran were surveyed through The Structured Interview Based on DSM-5 (SCID) for diagnostic confirmation as well as questions assessing prevalence and possible predictors of substance use.Results Prevalence of Substance Use among Psychiatric Patients with Psychosis was 37.9%. In bivariate analysis, several variables were identified as factors correlated with drug abuse among the participants. These included younger age, male gender, being currently homeless, having family history of drug use, and a history of imprisonment. The most powerful predictor of substance use, however, were male gender, Family history of drug use and being currently homelessness.Conclusion The prevalence of substance use was high among all psychotic disorders, therefore, it is suggested that professionals note the importance of substance use among psychotic patients. The most powerful predictors were male gender, history of imprisonment, and family history of drug use. Active investigation and comprehensive preventive plans are suggested in all patients with psychosis especially among high risk population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Substance Use among Psychiatric Patients with Psychosis and Determining its Strongest Predictor

Sharhani

Higgs

Piri

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…A review from Iran indicated that MA dependence has increased among females and opioid-dependent people on methadone maintenance treatment (medication assisted treatment). The result showed that MA and ecstasy dependence in 2016 was < 1% in the general population, yet this prevalence was higher in patients on methadone (7). Another study showed that dependence on methamphetamine requires special treatment and rehabilitation programs (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Methamphetamine dependence has increased in Iran (7). A review from Iran indicated that MA dependence has increased among females and opioid-dependent people on methadone maintenance treatment (medication assisted treatment).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methamphetamine Dependence, Psychological Well-being, Criminality and High Risk Sexual Behaviors in Female-Only Methadone Services in Tehran and Karaj, Iran

Massah

Shishehgar

2018

Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci

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Background: Methamphetamine (MA) abuse is a health concern among drug abuse patients in Iran. Objectives: This study aimed at determining the prevalence of MA dependence among a group of female methadone users and investigating the current psychological well-being, high risk sexual and criminality behaviors, and the status of receiving MA treatment. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey conducted in Iran. The study was conducted at 5 central female-only methadone services in Tehran and Karaj, during years 2011 to 2013. A questionnaire was devised to collect baseline data. The general health questionnaire-28 and the Opiate Treatment Index were used to assess psychological well-being, and criminality and high-risk sexual behaviors. Results: Overall, 245 females were registered at these sites. Of them, 201 females (82%) were dependent on MA while on treatment. Duration of MA dependence was 6 years. However, only 14.3% of the participants reported lifetime MA treatment. No participant was on MA treatment. Participants reported high rates of MA-related depression (76.4%), anxiety (68.4%), social dysfunction (41.2%), and somatic symptoms (38.2%), respectively. Untreated MA dependence in methadone treatment was associated with engagement in high-risk sexual behaviors (43.8%) and criminality (28.7%). Only 10% of the participants reported receiving a lifetime matrix model. All of them reported that the Matrix model was long and it was not easily available in methadone services. Conclusions:The study showed that the high prevalence for MA dependence and its adverse health impacts while receiving MA treatment remained the same. Effective psychosocial treatments should be delivered for MA dependence among female methadone users.

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“…MA is the most widely used illicit drug in the world after cannabis [1]. Iran (also called Persia) has one of the highest rates of MA dependence in the world which has led to psychological problems and poor health among this group [2]. MA dependence in methadone treatment has been also led to injection [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Matrix Model as an Intensive Rehabilitation in Three Methadone Services in Iran

Sami

Effatpanah

Moradi

et al. 2017

IRJ

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Objectives:The Matrix Model is used for MA dependence in methadone services in Iran, the most populated Persian Gulf country. However, there are no studies of the efficacy of the Matrix Model for MA dependence while in treatment. The present study reports on the efficacy of sixteen weeks of the Matrix Model for MA abstinence and general health.Methods: There were MA-dependent male (n=30) and female (n=30) patients in the study sites whom received the Matrix Model. The sites included three large methadone clinics in Tehran, Iran during 2015. The Persian versions of the Time Line Follow Back (TLFB) and the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) were completed by each participant at baseline and treatment weeks of four, ten and sixteen. Abstinence from MA was confirmed on the TLFB and with doing urinalyses at the same time.Results: All subjects were daily MA users on the TLFB at baseline. General health was poor among all subjects at baseline. There was no reported subject attrition at baseline. But, ten subjects left the Matrix treatment before the end of week nine and 21 subjects left the Matrix treatment before the end of week 13. At week 4, only 20% of the subjects were abstinent from MA. At week ten, 35% of the subjects were abstinent from MA while at week 16, 65% of the subjects were abstinent from MA. The Matrix Model led to an increased rate of abstinence from MA (P<0.001) at week 16. Those who completed the treatment were more likely to report improved general health (P<0.05) than those who did not at week 16. Discussion:The study indicated that the Matrix Model significantly increased the rate of abstinence from MA. But, at week sixteen, subject attrition was high. This issue demands further research.

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Use of amphetamine-type stimulants in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2004-2015: a review

Cited by 41 publications

References 13 publications

Prevalence of Substance Use among Psychiatric Patients with Psychosis and Determining its Strongest Predictor

Prevalence of Substance Use among Psychiatric Patients with Psychosis and Determining its Strongest Predictor

Methamphetamine Dependence, Psychological Well-being, Criminality and High Risk Sexual Behaviors in Female-Only Methadone Services in Tehran and Karaj, Iran

Matrix Model as an Intensive Rehabilitation in Three Methadone Services in Iran

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