Use of an Attenuated Strain of Venezuelan Equine Encephalo-Myelitis Virus for Immunization in Man *

Recombinant Vaccinia/Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) Virus Expresses VEE Structural Proteins

“…Although TC-83 virus is an effective vaccine, concerns remain about its possible reversion to virulence (Berge et al, 1961) and entry of the revertant into a mosquito-vertebrate host cycle (McKinney, 1972). The reactogenicity of the TC-83 vaccine virus in humans (Alevizatos et al, 1967 ;McKinney et al, 1963) and the possible teratogenic potential of VEE virus (London et al, 1977) are also of concern. A formaldehydeinactivated preparation of TC-83 virus (C-84) has proven inferior to live, attenuated TC-83 virus 0000-8559 in protecting hamsters from peripheral or aerosol challange with virulent TRD virus (Jahrling & Stephenson, 1984).…”

Development of Human and Macaque Antibodies Using Antibody Phage Display for the Detection of Equine Encephalitis Viruses

“…Also a prophylactic use of these recombinant antibodies might be considered for a time-limited protection, as human antibodies have a half-life of around 3 weeks in man (Eklund et al, 1982). Since the administration of the original vaccine VEEV strain, TC83, developed in the sixties, had serious side effects to man (MCKINNEY et al, 1963), murine, macaque, humanised and human antibodies have been generated against VEEV by antibody phage display as an alternative in recent years. VEEV TC83 was used for example for the immunisation of mice from which the protective monoclonal antibody mAb 3B4C-4 was generated and later humanised (Hunt et al, 2006;Roehrig et al, 1982).…”

Viral vectors for use in the development of biodefense vaccines

“…The current humanuse vaccine against VEEV, TC-83, was produced by serial passage of the virulent Trinidad donkey (TRD) strain of VEEV in cultured cells [10]. Reactogenicity of up to 40% in recipients of TC-83 warrants the development of a new VEEV vaccine [11,38]. A liveattenuated VEEV vaccine, V3526, was developed to replace TC-83 and is currently in scale-up production for eventual use in human clinical trials [39].…”

“…Examples of live-attenuated organisms used in biodefense vaccines includes TC-83, a cell culture-derived Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) vaccine [10,11], and Live Vaccine Strain, an attenuated strain of F. tularensis, for protection against tularemia [12]. Live-attenuated vaccines have the advantage in that only one inoculation is usually required to stimulate a protective immune response while the potential disadvantages include reactogenicity and concerns over the reversion of the attenuated organism to a virulent state [13].…”