Use of antimicrobials in food animals and impact of transmission of antimicrobial resistance on humans

Ma, Feiyang; Xu, Shaofa; Tang, Zhaoxin; Li, Zekun; Zhang, Lu

doi:10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.09.004

Cited by 265 publications

(189 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…This observation intimates the mobilisation and easy exchange of antibiotic resistance genes between isolates across the farm-to-fork continuum. The diversity of resistance patterns and the high MDR rate highlights the need for antibiotic stewardship to ensure prudent antibiotic use for animal production, as it may have grave consequences for human and environmental health [ 42 ]. The overall large number of isolates with MARI > 0.2 (average = 0.47) further illustrates the selection pressure of excessive antibiotic use, indicating that these isolates were from environments of high antibiotic exposure, as would be expected if antibiotics are used for growth promotion, metaphylaxis, or prophylaxis [ 43 , 44 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus in Intensive Pig Production in South Africa: Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Determinants, and Clonality

et al. 2021

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Although Staphylococcus aureus is a major threat to the veterinary, agricultural, and public health sectors because of its zoonotic potential, studies on its molecular characterisation in intensive animal production are rare. We phenotypically and genotypically characterised antibiotic-resistant S. aureus in intensive pig production in South Africa, using the farm-to-fork approach. Samples (n = 461) were collected from the farm, transport vehicles, and the abattoir using the World Health Organisation on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (WHO-AGISAR) sampling protocol. Bacteria were isolated using selective media and identified using biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Phenotypic resistance was determined using the disk diffusion method. Selected resistance and virulence genes were investigated using PCR. Clonality among the isolates was determined using the repetitive element sequence-PCR. In all, 333 presumptive staphylococcal isolates were obtained, with 141/333 (42.3%) identified as staphylococci biochemically. Ninety-seven (97; 68.8%) were confirmed as S. aureus using PCR, 52.6% of which were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) through the mecA gene. All the 97 S. aureus isolates (100%) were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested, with the highest resistance observed against erythromycin and clindamycin (84.50% each), and the lowest observed against amikacin (2.10%); 82.47% (80/97) were multidrug-resistant with an average multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.50. Most of the phenotypically resistant isolates carried at least one of the corresponding resistance genes tested, ermC being the most detected. hla was the most detected virulence gene (38.14%) and etb was the least (1.03%). Genetic fingerprinting revealed diverse MRSA isolates along the farm-to-fork continuum, the major REP types consisting of isolates from different sources suggesting a potential transmission along the continuum. Resistance to antibiotics used as growth promoters was evidenced by the high prevalence of MDR isolates with elevated multiple antibiotic resistance indices >0.2, specifically at the farm, indicating exposure to high antibiotic use environments, necessitating antibiotic stewardship and proper infection control measures in pig husbandry and intensive pig production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus in Intensive Pig Production in South Africa: Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Determinants, and Clonality

et al. 2021

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“…These undesirable practices are drivers of the growing drug resistance of microorganisms across the country. In the animal industry, misuse and consumption of antimicrobials is rampant and estimated to be higher than in human health [ 17 ]. This is because over the past 60 years, antibiotics have been used in animal feed at sub-therapeutic doses to improve animal performance and for feed efficiency, in addition to their use for treating infections [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Access, use and disposal of antimicrobials among humans and animals in Wakiso district, Uganda: a qualitative study

Musoke

Namata

Lubega

et al. 2021

J of Pharm Policy and Pract

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Background Inappropriate use of antimicrobials in both humans and animals is a key driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In addition, human behaviours such as poor disposal of antimicrobials in the environment can increase their exposure to microbes which can impact on humans and animals. However, evidence on access, use and disposal of antimicrobials for humans and animals at community level in Uganda is limited. This study therefore explored access, use and disposal of antimicrobials among humans and animals in Wakiso district, Uganda. Methods A qualitative study was conducted that involved focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs). Participants of the FGDs were community health workers (CHWs) and farmers involved in animal husbandry, while key informants included: officials from the Ministry of Health; Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries; human and animal health professionals; district health officials; and members of the national AMR surveillance committee. Twelve FGDs were held (8 for CHWs and 4 for farmers) while 15 KIIs were conducted. Thematic analysis in NVivo (version 12) was performed. Results Five main themes emerged from the study: access to antimicrobials in humans; access to antimicrobials in animals; use of antimicrobials in humans; use of antimicrobials in animals; and disposal of antimicrobials. Community members mainly accessed antimicrobials for humans from public health facilities such as government health centres, as well as private facilities, including drug shops and clinics. Antimicrobials for animals were obtained from veterinary practitioners and drug shops (both for humans and veterinary). Examples of inappropriate use of antimicrobials in both humans and animals was evident, such as sharing antibiotics among household members, and giving human-prescribed antimicrobials to food-producing animals as growth promoters. While some CHWs returned unused antimicrobials to public health facilities for proper disposal, community members mainly disposed of antimicrobials with general household waste including dumping in rubbish pits. Conclusions There is a need to increase awareness among the population on proper access, use and disposal of antimicrobials for both humans and animals. Development of a drug disposal system at community level would facilitate improved waste management of antimicrobials. Together, these measures would help prevent the rate of progression of AMR in communities.

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“…The detection of antibiotic resistance genes in the present study signifies that there is a risk of spread of the antimicrobial resistance to human by direct or indirect transmission of resistant isolates through food, water, mud, and manure [30]. At least of a transmission of multi-resistance encoding determinants from coliform bacteria of food animal origin to human strains, may take place, if sanitary regulations are not observed [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Occurrence of Shiga Toxin-Producing <em>Escherichia coli</em> Carrying Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Sheep on Smallholdings in Bangladesh

Gupta¹,

Sen²,

Shaha³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Inappropriate antimicrobial treatment can pose a risk for developing resistance against antimi-crobial drugs in bacteria. Close human contact might have a higher chance of being transmitted to humans from sheep if the sheep population is a potential reservoir of zoonotic pathogens such as shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) (STEC). Therefore, this study aimed to exam-ine the sheep population in rural Bangladesh for antimicrobial resistant STEC. We screened 200 faecal samples collected from sheep in three Upazila from the Chattogram district. Phenotypical-ly positive E. coli isolates were examined for two shiga toxin-producing genes – stx1 and stx2. PCR positive STEC isolates were investigated for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes- blaTEM, sul1 and sul2. In total, 123 of the 200 tested samples were confirmed positive E. coli by cul-tured based methods. PCR results show 17(13.8%) E. coli isolates harboured ≥ one virulent gene (stx1 or/and stx2) of STEC. Six of the tested STEC isolates exhibited blaTEM gene; eight STEC isolates had sul1 gene, and sul2 gene was detected in ten STEC isolates. To our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal a significant proportion of STEC isolated from sheep in rural Bangla-desh harbouring antimicrobial resistance genes.

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Use of antimicrobials in food animals and impact of transmission of antimicrobial resistance on humans

Cited by 265 publications

References 83 publications

Staphylococcus aureus in Intensive Pig Production in South Africa: Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Determinants, and Clonality

Staphylococcus aureus in Intensive Pig Production in South Africa: Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Determinants, and Clonality

Access, use and disposal of antimicrobials among humans and animals in Wakiso district, Uganda: a qualitative study

Occurrence of Shiga Toxin-Producing <em>Escherichia coli</em> Carrying Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Sheep on Smallholdings in Bangladesh

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