Use of API-Zym strips and 4-nitrophenyl substrates to detect and quantify hydrolytic enzymes in media and grain colonized with Aspergillus, Eurotium and Penicillium species

Jain, Pranay; Lacey, J.; Stevens, Lewis

doi:10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80047-6

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…They could be used to detect chemical production as an indicator of toxin production prior to any visible signs of mold growth (Borjesson et al 1989;Borjesson et al 1990, Jain et al 1991Magan 1993). Detection of fungal chemicals with the parasitoid wasp may serve as a potential resource for a sensor to monitor other species of mold as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been reported that they produce volatile metabolites, chemicals, and aflatoxins (aflatoxigenic strains) as an indication of fungal growth (Borjesson et al 1990, Jain et al 1991Magan 1993). Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins produced mainly by the fungal species, A. flavus and A. parasiticus (Wood 1989(Wood , 1992FAO 1993;Wilson & Payne 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The ability of conditioned Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to distinguish between odors of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic fungal strains

et al. 2005

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The parasitic wasp Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) learns to associate odors with food resources and subsequently exhibits a characteristic food-seeking behavior when encountering the learned odor. Wasps so conditioned, learned and subsequently demonstrated an ability to distinguish among aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus strains. The effects of fungal species, strain, age (5, 10-12, 20, and 30 d) and growth media (potato dextrose agar, peanut agar and corn agar) on the learning and recognition responses of the conditioned wasps were examined. The level of differentiation between fungal strains by conditioned wasps was lowest when working with 5-d-old fungal cultures but increased with age and generally peaked with 20-d-old fungi. Wasps responded generally stronger to the fungal strain conditioned to independent of growth media. This ability of parasitic wasps to learn and distinguish fungal odors can open new avenues in insect learning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ability of conditioned Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to distinguish between odors of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic fungal strains

et al. 2005

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“…The methodology was based on that used by Jain et al 13 Enzymes were extracted with 40 mL of 10 mmol L −1 potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) by shaking on a wrist action shaker (Rotabit, Selecta) for 1 h at 4 • C. The washings were then decanted into 1-mL plastic Eppendorf tubes and centrifuged in a benchtop centrifuge (EBA12, Hettich zentrifugen) for 15 min at 450 × g and the supernatant removed with care. Aliquots of all the extracts were frozen and stored at −80 • C for subsequent analysis of protein.…”

Section: Determination Of the Activity Of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidasementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of growth quantification methods for modelling the growth of Penicillium expansum in an apple‐based medium

et al. 2006

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Penicillium expansum isolates were grown on an apple concentrate-based medium modified to different water activity levels (0.83-0.99), and incubated at 3-29 • C for up to 14 days. The diameters of the growing colonies were measured and colonies were extracted for determination of ergosterol and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity. Results showed good correlation of measured diameters in the repeated treatments, but slightly lower repeatability for the ergosterol determination, and poor repeatability for the determination of N-acetyl-β-Dglucosaminidase activity. Primary and secondary models were built for colony diameter and ergosterol content of the colonies, which were similar for both isolates tested. Growth was prevented at low water activity values (0.83-0.85) outside the range 10-23 • C. However, given an unpreserved apple or apple product (a w > 0.97) left at room temperature growth may occur in a time as short as 1 day, probably leading to mycotoxin accumulation in a few days in the event of mycotoxigenic strains. This issue also highlights the importance of shortening the time of transport and storage operations when considering the use of culled apples unfit for other, higher quality and higher profit purposes to obtain apple by-products such as puree, juices or jam.

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“…The methodology was based on that used by Jain et al 13 Enzymes were extracted by weighing 4 g samples into 200 ml beakers containing 20 ml of 10 mM potassium phosphate extraction buffer (pH 7.2). These were shaken on a Rotabit wrist action shaker (Selecta, JP Selecta SA, Barcelona, Spain) for 1 h at 4°C.…”

Section: Extraction Of Enzymes From Cake Analoguesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8][9][10] Some authors have used p-nitrophenyl substrates in order to assess enzyme activity. 11,12 In 1991, Jain et al 13 suggested that the use of pnitrophenyl substrates would be a good rapid test for mould development. Later, Marín et al 14 applied this test to assess the growth of Fusarium species on maize at different a w levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrolytic enzyme activities as indicators of fungal spoilage in bakery products

et al. 2003

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Cake analogues were prepared at different a w (0.80, 0.85 and 0.90) and pH (6 and 7.5) levels and inoculated with a range of seven representative moulds of spoilage mycoflora of bakery products. The responses recorded were colony radii after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks as well as microbial counts and total and specific activities of six hydrolytic enzymes after 4 weeks. Multivariate analysis was applied in order to determine correlations among the responses and thus assess the suitability of using enzyme activities as estimators for fungal growth. The results showed that enzyme activities correlated with growth parameters for Aspergillus and Penicillium isolates, although the useful enzymes were not the same for the three isolates tested. The correlation was poor, however, for Eurotium isolates. In general, specific activities of some enzymes showed better correlation with growth parameters, with a-D-galactosidase, b-D-galactosidase, b-D-glucosidase and N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase being the more useful enzymes among those assayed.

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Use of API-Zym strips and 4-nitrophenyl substrates to detect and quantify hydrolytic enzymes in media and grain colonized with Aspergillus, Eurotium and Penicillium species

Cited by 26 publications

References 10 publications

The ability of conditioned Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to distinguish between odors of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic fungal strains

The ability of conditioned Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to distinguish between odors of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic fungal strains

Evaluation of growth quantification methods for modelling the growth of Penicillium expansum in an apple‐based medium

Hydrolytic enzyme activities as indicators of fungal spoilage in bakery products

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