Use of atp6 in Fungal Phylogenetics: An Example from the Boletales

Kretzer, Annette M.; Bruns, Thomas D.

doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0680

Cited by 170 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…fusiforme mitochondrial DNA may use TGA as a tryptophan codon. Ascomycete mitochondria frequently use the TGA codon for tryptophan rather than as a translational stop codon, and those ascomycetes that use the TGA codon for tryptophan usually prefer it over the TGG codon for this amino acid (47). In contrast, most basidiomycete mitochondrial genomes that have been studied strongly prefer the universal TGG codon for tryptophan (47).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ascomycete mitochondria frequently use the TGA codon for tryptophan rather than as a translational stop codon, and those ascomycetes that use the TGA codon for tryptophan usually prefer it over the TGG codon for this amino acid (47). In contrast, most basidiomycete mitochondrial genomes that have been studied strongly prefer the universal TGG codon for tryptophan (47). It has been hypothesized that TGA tryptophans were introduced independently into the basidiomycetes and ascomycetes during fungal evolution (61).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential Expression of Pine and Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme Genes in Fusiform Rust Galls

Warren¹,

Covert

2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme is the causative agent of fusiform rust disease of southern pines in the United States. This disease is characterized by the formation of woody branch and stem galls. Differential display was used to identify pine genes whose expression is altered by C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme infection and to identify C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme genes that are expressed in fusiform rust galls. Six pine cDNAs that appeared to be differentially expressed in galled and healthy stems and 13 C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme cDNAs expressed in galled tissues were identified. A probe that hybridizes specifically to C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme 18S rRNA was used to estimate that 14% of the total RNA in fusiform rust galls was from C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme. This finding was used to calibrate gene expression levels in galls when comparing them to expression levels in uninfected pines or in isolated C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme cultures. According to Northern analysis and reverse transcriptase PCR analysis, all six of the pine clones were expressed at lower levels in galls than in healthy tissues. Seven of the nine C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme clones that were assayed were expressed at higher levels in galls than in axenic culture. A number of the cDNAs encode proteins that are similar to those that play roles in plant development, plant defense, or fungal stress responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Expression of Pine and Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme Genes in Fusiform Rust Galls

Warren¹,

Covert

2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The author maintains a list of known genera of ECM plants on the Internet that can be expanded when proof of the mycorrhizal status of other genera is provided (Brundrett, 1999). We must be careful of generalisations about members of fungus families because of exceptions such as Boletinellus (Gyrodon) merulioides, a basidiomycete in a predominantly ECM clade (Kretzer & Bruns, 1999), which only fruits under ash trees. This bolete was erroneously designated as an ECM fungus, but actually associates with subterranean aphids (Brundrett & Kendrick, 1987).…”

Section: (2 ) Ectomycorrhizasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and classification of mycorrhizal associations

2004

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Most mycorrhizas are ' balanced ' mutualistic associations in which the fungus and plant exchange commodities required for their growth and survival. Myco-heterotrophic plants have 'exploitative ' mycorrhizas where transfer processes apparently benefit only plants. Exploitative associations are symbiotic (in the broad sense), but are not mutualistic. A new definition of mycorrhizas that encompasses all types of these associations while excluding other plant-fungus interactions is provided. This definition recognises the importance of nutrient transfer at an interface resulting from synchronised plant-fungus development. The diversity of interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and plants is considered. Mycorrhizal fungi also function as endophytes, necrotrophs and antagonists of host or non-host plants, with roles that vary during the lifespan of their associations. It is recommended that mycorrhizal associations are defined and classified primarily by anatomical criteria regulated by the host plant. A revised classification scheme for types and categories of mycorrhizal associations defined by these criteria is proposed. The main categories of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations (VAM) are 'linear' or 'coiling ', and of ectomycorrhizal associations (ECM) are ' epidermal ' or 'cortical '. Subcategories of coiling VAM and epidermal ECM occur in certain host plants. Fungus-controlled features result in ' morphotypes ' within categories of VAM and ECM. Arbutoid and monotropoid associations should be considered subcategories of epidermal ECM and ectendomycorrhizas should be relegated to an ECM morphotype. Both arbuscules and vesicles define mycorrhizas formed by glomeromycotan fungi. A new classification scheme for categories, subcategories and morphotypes of mycorrhizal associations is provided.

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“…Alpova sect. Rhizopogonella, clusters in the suilloid radiation (Suillineae) (Bruns et al 1998, Kretzer and Bruns 1999, Grubisha et al 2001, Jarosch 2001, Jarosch and Besl 2001 in the Rhizopogonaceae. On the basis of these data Grubisha et al (2001) suggested that Alpova might not be monophyletic but recognized the need for new studies including more taxon sampling; in addition they transferred A. olivaceotinctus back to Rhizopogon, where it originally had been described as R. olivaceotinctus A.H. Sm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%