Use of atypical analgesics by intravenous infusion (IV) for acute pain: evidence base for lidocaine, ketamine and magnesium

Lido-OH, a Hydroxyl Derivative of Lidocaine, Produced a Similar Local Anesthesia Profile as Lidocaine With Reduced Systemic Toxicities

“…With the strategies such as ultrasound-guided technique, limitation of total drug dose, and co-application of vessel constrictors, the incidence of LAST seems to have decreased to a clinically non-important level, but is by no means unignorable ( Gitman and Barrington, 2018 ) ( Macfarlane et al, 2021 ) In addition, it is now more and more popular to use intravenous local anesthetics for intra-operative analgesia and chronic pain control ( Vanstone and Rockett, 2016 ; Weibel et al, 2016 ; Song et al, 2017 ; Farahmand et al, 2018 ; Soto et al, 2018 ; Clivio et al, 2019 ), however, it may increase the incidence of LAST, because plasm drug concentration would increase more rapidly than local application ( Gitman et al, 2019 ; Torp and Simon, 2020 ). A fundamental method to increase the safety of local anesthetics is to ensure that even if all drugs applied are accidentally injected into the circulation system, there could be a margin wide enough from the actual plasma concentration to the concentration responsible for the earliest toxicities.…”

Difusión analgésica de lidocaína administrada a través de un catéter perilesional en hembras caninas sometidas a mastectomía: un reporte de caso

“…Los pacientes iniciaron con un score de 9 y 8, respectivamente, llegando a un score de 3 y de 2. Es importante resaltar que entre las 2 y 4 horas posquirúrgicas (T1 y T2) se manifestó un descenso importante y representativo de las mediciones, llegando a considerarse necesarios niveles basales del fármaco para lograr una terapia óptima y posteriormente mejorar el score de dolor generando anal-MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y ZOOTECNIA gesia para el paciente 29 . Es necesario entonces realizar aproximaciones investigativas futuras acerca de las concentraciones séricas del fármaco o analgésico que se está difundiendo en el tejido, para así lograr una ventana terapéutica, sin exceder la dosis media efectiva 28 .…”

Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate in Standing Horses: Effects on Physiological Parameters, Plasma Concentration of Magnesium and Nociceptive Threshold Tests☆

“…The analgesic effect is achieved firstly, through the blockage of glutamate-binding N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, thus decreasing calcium influx into the cell. By preventing the activation of NMDA receptors in the spinal cord, magnesium can block induction of central sensitization from peripheral nociceptive stimuli [12][13][14][15][16][17]. Secondly, it inhibits the inflammatory response through the reduction of inflammatory cytokines [ 13 , 16 , 17 ].…”