Use of basic color terms by red–green dichromats. II. Models

Moreira, Humberto; Lillo, Julio; Álvaro, Leticia; Davies, Ian

doi:10.1002/col.21802

Cited by 19 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…3G). Regressions were conducted to investigate whether corrected variables that take into account dichromats' cone responses (15) for lightness (L* T ) and saturation (s′) (SI Text) could predict dichromat color preferences. Transformed lightness (L* T ) could not account for color preference in dichromats (SI Text).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research on dichromacy has covered various topics such as genetics (2), psychophysics (5), color naming (11,15), and even color-appearance models (7,16,25). Here we provide a novel report of the color preference of red-green dichromats and compare their color preference with the color preference and its explicative mechanisms of normal trichromats, including suitable transformations of such mechanisms for dichromats (L* T and s′).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14). These functional alterations in red-green dichromacy also affect color naming: Moreira et al (15) have developed a model that explains 94% of the color-naming variance in protanopes and 96% of that in deuteranopes. The color naming of dichromats suggests that, at least in some circumstances, dichromat color perception is supported by red-green residual activity (R-G res ), in addition to yellow-blue and achromatic mechanisms (modeled as s′ and L* T in ref.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The color naming of dichromats suggests that, at least in some circumstances, dichromat color perception is supported by red-green residual activity (R-G res ), in addition to yellow-blue and achromatic mechanisms (modeled as s′ and L* T in ref. 15). These mechanisms also might be relevant for other aspects of dichromats' color perception, such as color preference.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…If the cone-contrast model works, we should find altered patterns of color preference in dichromats that reflect their altered color vision. If so, we should be able to model dichromat color preference, as Moreira et al (15) did for color naming, using a model tailored for dichromats' altered cone-opponent mechanisms.…”

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Color preference in red–green dichromats

Álvaro

Moreira

Lillo

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Around 2% of males have red-green dichromacy, which is a genetic disorder of color vision where one type of cone photoreceptor is missing. Here we investigate the color preferences of dichromats. We aim (i) to establish whether the systematic and reliable color preferences of normal trichromatic observers (e.g., preference maximum at blue, minimum at yellow-green) are affected by dichromacy and (ii) to test theories of color preference with a dichromatic sample. Dichromat and normal trichromat observers named and rated how much they liked saturated, light, dark, and focal colors twice. Trichromats had the expected pattern of preference. Dichromats had a reliable pattern of preference that was different to trichromats, with a preference maximum rather than minimum at yellow and a much weaker preference for blue than trichromats. Color preference was more affected in observers who lacked the cone type sensitive to long wavelengths (protanopes) than in those who lacked the cone type sensitive to medium wavelengths (deuteranopes). Trichromats' preferences were summarized effectively in terms of cone-contrast between color and background, and yellow-blue cone-contrast could account for dichromats' pattern of preference, with some evidence for residual red-green activity in deuteranopes' preference. Dichromats' color naming also could account for their color preferences, with colors named more accurately and quickly being more preferred. This relationship between color naming and preference also was present for trichromat males but not females. Overall, the findings provide novel evidence on how dichromats experience color, advance the understanding of why humans like some colors more than others, and have implications for general theories of aesthetics.dichromacy | aesthetic preference | color vision | color naming I ndividuals vary in their perceptual experience of the world, and sometimes this variation is caused by genetic differences (1-4). Dichromacy is a form of color-vision deficiency affecting about 2% of human males in which only two of the three types of retinal cone photoreceptors are functional because of genetic factors (1, 2). Protanopes, deuteranopes, and tritanopes lack cone photoreceptors sensitive to long (L), medium (M), and short (S) wavelengths, respectively. Accordingly, dichromats' color discrimination is poorer, and their spectral sensitivity is slightly shifted to longer wavelengths (deuteranopes) or is moderately shifted to shorter wavelengths (protanopes) compared with that of normal trichromats (common observers; see table 3.6 in ref. 5).In normal trichromats, cone responses are the input signals for two chromatic cone opponent mechanisms, red-green and yellowblue, based on L−M and S−(L+M) cone responses, respectively, and one achromatic mechanism, mainly based on L+M responses (1). Traditionally it has been considered that protanopes and deuteranopes lack functionality in the red-green mechanism, because this opponent mechanism is based on the comparison of L and M cone responses, and one...

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Color preference in red–green dichromats

Álvaro

Moreira

Lillo

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Color preference and manual laterality in the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator)

Spiezio¹,

Pugassi

Agrillo

et al. 2022

American J Primatol

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The current research focuses on color preference between red and green stimuli and manual laterality in the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator). Trichromacy in primates has been related to a foraging advantage allowing frugivore primates to distinguish ripe from unripe fruits as well to socio-sexual communication, as trichromats would be advantaged in recognizing social and sexual signals. As warm colors can affect the emotive state of the subjects, leading to the activation of one hemisphere over the other (e.g., right hemisphere), this could lead to behavioral lateralization. Thus, studying of hand preference may be relevant when testing color preference. Nine adult zoo emperor tamarins were involved and the study aimed to investigate the preference between red, green, and white cones as well as manual laterality. Tamarins were provided with pairs of red-green, red-white, and greenwhite combinations of cones. Ten 30-min sessions per combination were carried out and data on the interaction with one of the two cones of each apparatus were collected to assess subjects' color preference. We also recorded the hand used by each subject during the interaction with cones of different colors and the position of the apparatus in respect to the tamarin. We found no preferences for colored versus white cones. Similarly, we reported no group-level preferences within different color combinations, whereas individual-level preferences were found when considering all choices. Finally, we found that red cones elicited a left-hand preference, suggesting a right-hemisphere involvement in the presence of red cones. Although we do not have genetic data on trichromat and dichromat females, the tendency to use the left hand when interacting with red stimuli provides further evidence that warm colors can influence the emotive state of the perceiver, affecting their manual lateralization.

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Use of basic color terms by red–green dichromats: 1. General description

Lillo

Moreira

Álvaro

et al. 2013

Color Research & Application

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In this article we present data comparing red–green dichromats' use of “Basic Color Terms” (BCTs) with that of standard trichromats. In a complementary article (Color Res Appl 2013) we use these data to evaluate two models of the mechanisms underlying dichromats' use of BCTs. There were three groups of observers—trichromats, protanopes, and deuteranopes—that each performed two tasks: “mapping” (which of these are exemplars of X?) and “best exemplar” (which is the best instance of X?), where X took the value of each Spanish BCT. The mapping task results were subjected to multidimensional scaling that revealed that dichromats differ from trichromats in the number and nature of the dimensions needed for describing BCTs' use. Trichromats required three dimensions closely related to the opponent color mechanisms (red–green, yellow–blue) and the light‐dark channel. In contrast, tridimensional solution for dichromats was difficult to interpret, whereas the fit for the bidimensional solution was very good and revealed a chromatic dimension, which did not match any of the trichromatic dimensions, and an achromatic one. There were also some error‐asymmetries (sometimes “A” was the predominant error when choosing exemplars of “B”, but not vice versa) and the groups differed in the frequency of use of some BCTs (e.g., protanopes chose more stimuli as orange than trichromats and deuteranopes). As expected, the best exemplar task produced more correct responses than the mapping task, and for both tasks, “primary” BCTs (black, white, red, green, yellow, and blue) produced better results than “derived” ones (brown, purple, orange, pink, and grey). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 360–371, 2014

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Use of basic color terms by red–green dichromats. II. Models

Cited by 19 publications

References 25 publications

Color preference in red–green dichromats

Color preference in red–green dichromats

Color preference and manual laterality in the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator)

Use of basic color terms by red–green dichromats: 1. General description

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