Use of biomarkers in monitoring pollution status of urban rivers, Limpopo, South Africa

Biochemical and Histopathologic Biomarkers of Pollution in the uMgeni River System in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

“…Numerous biomarkers have successfully been employed to discriminate pollution effects in water bodies exhibiting different water quality [7,8]. However, contaminants may target particular tissues depending on their functions and location in an organism [9].…”

“…However, contaminants may target particular tissues depending on their functions and location in an organism [9]. Gills are in direct contact with the external water environment, and the liver is a primary site for detoxification; hence, they are among the target tissues in fish [7,8]. Although most tissues have the ability to metabolize contaminants, their capacity can be overwhelmed by elevated concentrations and result in biochemical and/or structural damage [10].…”