Use of Cigarettes and Alcohol by Preschoolers While Role-playing as Adults

Dalton, Madeline A.; Bernhardt, Amy M.; Gibson, Jennifer J.; Sargent, James D.; Beach, Michael L.; Adachi-Mejia, Anna M.; Titus-Ernstoff, Linda; Heatherton, Todd F.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.9.854

Cited by 58 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…For example, given access to cigarettes and alcohol in a Barbie play scenario, preschool children will enact smoking and alcohol scripts in their play, scripts they have learned from watching their parents. 3 Alcohol portrayals are widespread in the mass media. A recent content analysis of popularly viewed television in the United Kingdom found that alcohol imagery occurred in .40% of broadcasts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Portrayal of Alcohol Consumption in Movies and Drinking Initiation in Low-Risk Adolescents

et al. 2014

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Several experimental and observational studies reveal an association between exposure to alcohol consumption in movies and youth drinking, but little is known about the effect of such exposure on drinking onset among low-risk adolescents. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:In a longitudinal study, exposure to alcohol consumption in movies was associated with drinking initiation in a sample of adolescents from 6 European countries who had never drunk alcohol and were attitudinally nonsusceptible to future use at the time of exposure. abstract OBJECTIVES: To investigate the hypothesis that exposure to alcohol consumption in movies affects the likelihood that low-risk adolescents will start to drink alcohol. METHODS:Longitudinal study of 2346 adolescent never drinkers who also reported at baseline intent to not to do so in the next 12 months (mean age 12.9 years, SD = 1.08). Recruitment was carried out in 2009 and 2010 in 112 state-funded schools in Germany, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, and Scotland. Exposure to movie alcohol consumption was estimated from 250 top-grossing movies in each country in the years 2004 to 2009. Multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regressions assessed the relationship between baseline exposure to movie alcohol consumption and initiation of trying alcohol, and binge drinking ($ 5 consecutive drinks) at follow-up. RESULTS:Overall, 40% of the sample initiated alcohol use and 6% initiated binge drinking by follow-up. Estimated mean exposure to movie alcohol consumption was 3653 (SD = 2448) occurrences. After age, gender, family affluence, school performance, TV screen time, personality characteristics, and drinking behavior of peers, parents, and siblings were controlled for, exposure to each additional 1000 movie alcohol occurrences was significantly associated with increased relative risk for trying alcohol, incidence rate ratio = 1.05 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.08; P = .003), and for binge drinking, incidence rate ratio = 1.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.20; P , .001).CONCLUSIONS: Seeing alcohol depictions in movies is an independent predictor of drinking initiation, particularly for more risky patterns of drinking. This result was shown in a heterogeneous sample of European youths who had a low affinity for drinking alcohol at the time of exposure. Dr Hanewinkel designed the study, contributed to data acquisition in Germany, carried out the statistical analysis, and drafted the article; Dr Sargent designed the study, contributed to data acquisition (alcohol occurrences in movies), and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content; Dr Hunt contributed to data acquisition in Scotland and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content; Dr Sweeting contributed to data acquisition in Scotland and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content; Dr Engels contributed to data acquisition in the Netherlands and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content; Dr Scholte contribut...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Portrayal of Alcohol Consumption in Movies and Drinking Initiation in Low-Risk Adolescents

et al. 2014

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“…128 A more-recent study demonstrated similar alcohol schemas by using a shopping paradigm. 129 Children 2 to 6 years of age were observed role-playing as adults shopping for a social evening with friends in a miniature grocery store stocked with 73 different products, including beer, wine, and cigarettes. Sixty-two percent of the children bought alcohol for this adult situation, and those with parents who drank at least monthly were more likely to do so.…”

Section: Development Of Children's Beliefs and Expectancies About Alcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Developmental Processes and the Continuity of Risk for Underage Drinking and Problem Drinking

et al. 2008

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Developmental pathways to underage drinking emerge before the second decade of life. Many scientists, however, as well as the general public, continue to focus on proximal influences surrounding the initiation of drinking in adolescence, such as social, behavioral, and genetic variables related to availability and ease of acquisition of the drug, social reinforcement for its use, and individual differences in drug responses. In the past 20 years, a considerable body of evidence has accumulated on the early (often much earlier than the time of the first drink) predictors and pathways of youthful alcohol use and abuse. These early developmental influences involve numerous risk, vulnerability, promotive, and protective processes. Some of these factors are not related directly to alcohol use, whereas others involve learning and expectancies about later drug use that are shaped by social experience. The salience of these factors (identifiable in early childhood) for understanding the course and development of adult alcohol and other drug use disorders is evident from the large and growing body of findings on their ability to predict adult clinical outcomes. This review summarizes the evidence on early pathways toward and away from underage drinking, with a particular focus on the risk and protective factors and the mediators and moderators of risk for underage drinking that become evident during the preschool and early school years. It is guided by a developmental perspective on the aggregation of risk and protection and examines the contributions of biological, psychological, and social processes within the context of normal development. Implications of this evidence for policy, intervention, and future research are discussed. S EVERAL BASIC THEMES provide guidance for developing a perspective on the timing, processes, and experiences in earlier life relevant to the acquisition, use, and problem use of alcohol. First, much of the causal structure underlying youthful alcohol use and abuse is not specific to alcohol and in particular is either directly or indirectly the result of the development of externalizing and internalizing behaviors. 1-3 Family history of antisocial behavior, child maltreatment, and other negative life experiences are well-established precursors of later alcohol problems and alcohol use disorders (AUDs). These predictors are nonspecific risks for alcohol involvement, because they also predict a broad array of other problematic outcomes, including problems of undercontrolled or dysregulated behavior such as conduct problems, impulsivity, attention problems, aggressiveness, antisocial personality disorder, and depressive spectrum disorders.Second, at the same time that children develop behavior problems not specific to alcohol, they acquire knowledge about the existence of alcohol as an object in the social environment. Learning about alcohol includes developing beliefs about alcohol on the basis of an awareness of its special characteristics as a drug (how it produces changes in cognitio...

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“…Despite the negative beliefs that young children in general explicitly express toward smoking [1][2][3][4], evidence is accumulating that even at a very young age, children also develop ideas and expectations about how cigarettes fit into adult life [2,[5][6][7][8]. To gain insight into these attitudes, rather than directly asking what children think of smoking, indirect measures have to be used [2,3,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To gain insight into these attitudes, rather than directly asking what children think of smoking, indirect measures have to be used [2,3,7]. Some studies using indirect measures have not only acknowledged the idea that positive attitudes toward smoking appear to be formed already early in life, but have also revealed that this process is set into motion by having smoking parents [2,5]. In one such study [5], two-to six-year-old children were invited to shop for groceries in a miniature store and subsequently act out an evening with friends.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘One cigarette for you and one for me’: children of smoking and non-smoking parents during pretend play

et al. 2011

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Objective: To investigate whether perceived parental smoking is related to pretend smoking in young children and whether children influence each other in pretend smoking.Design: Children who reported to have at least one smoking parent were coupled with children who had non-smoking parents. Both children were then asked to pretend that they were grownups having a barbeque party. During their role-playing, the children were observed in order to assess their pretend smoking behaviours and to examine whether children of smoking parents were more likely to initiate pretend smoking. Setting:Children were tested at their schools. Participants:The sample consisted of 206 children between four and seven years of age (M = 5.14, SD = .87), of which 54.4% were girls. Measurements:The main outcome was whether a child pretended to be smoking and whether the child initiated or followed the other child in this behaviour.Findings: During their play, 63.6% (n = 131) of the children pretended to smoke. Children of smoking parents were more likely to initiate pretend smoking than to follow.

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Use of Cigarettes and Alcohol by Preschoolers While Role-playing as Adults

Abstract: The data suggest that observation of adult behavior, especially parental behavior, may influence preschool children to view smoking and drinking as appropriate or normative in social situations. These perceptions may relate to behaviors adopted later in life.

Cited by 58 publications

References 33 publications

Portrayal of Alcohol Consumption in Movies and Drinking Initiation in Low-Risk Adolescents

Portrayal of Alcohol Consumption in Movies and Drinking Initiation in Low-Risk Adolescents

Early Developmental Processes and the Continuity of Risk for Underage Drinking and Problem Drinking

‘One cigarette for you and one for me’: children of smoking and non-smoking parents during pretend play

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