Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study

Stene, Lars C.; Joner, Geir

doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.6.1128

Cited by 359 publications

(290 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In a Norwegian pilot case-control study, maternal cod liver oil supplementation (rich in vitamin D) during pregnancy was associated with a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring [16]. However, this association was not confirmed in a larger series [17]. In neither of these Norwegian studies was vitamin D supplementation other than cod liver oil during pregnancy significantly associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in offspring

et al. 2010

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In the Norwegian study, use of cod liver oil but not vitamin D supplementation as such during the first year of life was associated with lower risk of type 1 diabetes [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in offspring

et al. 2010

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“…Children with type I diabetes have reduced availability of long-chain PUFAs (Decsi et al, 2002), suggesting that an enhanced dietary supply of long-chain PUFAs may be beneficial. Finally, cod liver oil intake is associated with lower risk of type I diabetes (Stene et al, 2003), suggesting that either the marine-derived PUFAs (e.g., DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3)), or the vitamin D that is in cod liver oil, or both, may be protective. Accurate measures of PUFA intake in children are necessary to further explore these hypotheses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison between omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes as assessed by a food frequency questionnaire and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition in young children

Orton¹,

Szabo

Clare‐Salzler

et al. 2007

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: We conducted a dietary validation study in youth aged 1-11 years by comparing dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as assessed by a parent-completed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) over time to erythrocyte membrane composition of the same fatty acids. Design: The study population included youth aged 1-11 years who were participants in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY), a longitudinal study in Denver, Colorado that is following a cohort of youth at risk for developing type I diabetes. Four hundred and four children who had erythrocyte membrane fatty acid data matched to an FFQ corresponding to the same time frame for a total of 917 visits (matches) were included. PUFA intake was expressed both as g/day (adjusted for total energy) and as percent of total fat intake. We used mixed models to test the association and calculate the correlation between the erythrocyte membrane estimates and PUFA intake using all records of data for each youth. Results: Intakes of total omega-3 fatty acids (b ¼ 0.52, Po0.0001, r ¼ 0.23) and marine PUFAs (b ¼ 1.62, Po0.0001, r ¼ 0.42), as a percent of total fat in the diet, were associated with percent of omega-3 and marine PUFAs in the erythrocyte membrane. Intakes of omega-6 PUFAs (b ¼ 0.04, P ¼ 0.418, r ¼ 0.05) and arachidonic acid (b ¼ 0.31, P ¼ 0.774, r ¼ 0.01) were not associated. Conclusions: In these young children, an FFQ using parental report provided estimates of average long-term intakes of marine PUFAs that correlated well with their erythrocyte cell membrane fatty acid status.

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“…Lower concentrations of vitamin D have been reported in T1D children and lower vitamin D levels during pregnancy were suggested to increase the risk for T1D 17 . Supplementation with cod liver oil, an important source of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids, during the first year of life led to reduced risk of T1D in Norwegian children, but no risk reduction was found with other kinds of vitamin D supplementation, suggesting that omega-3 fatty acids were responsible for the effect 18 . A clinical trial in children at increased susceptibility for islet autoimmunity, T1D, or both with cod liver oil would be possible.…”

Section: Primary Prevention -Treating Subjects At Genetic Risk For Ismentioning

confidence: 98%

Immune therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Lernmark

Larsson

2013

Nat Rev Endocrinol

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(200 words) Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder directed against the pancreatic islet β cells. The genetic risk for the disease is linked to HLA-DQ genotypes and unknown environmental triggers. In most countries, only 10-15% of newly diagnosed T1D children or young adults have a first degree relative with the disease. Autoantibodies against insulin, GAD65, IA-2 or ZnT8 transporter mark islet autoimmunity. These islet autoantibodies may develop already at 1-2 years of age. Immune therapy in T1D is approached at three stages. Primary prevention is treatment of subjects at increased genetic risk. The TRIGR trial is testing if hydrolyzed casein milk formula may reduce T1D in genetically predisposed infants. Secondary prevention is in subjects with persistent islet autoantibodies. On-going trials are either non-autoantigen (BCG, CD3 monoclonal antibodies) or autoantigen (oral and nasal insulin or Alum-formulated GAD65) specific. Intervention at diabetes onset include non-autoantigen (CD3 monoclonal antibodies, IL-2 receptor antibodies, Il-1b receptor inhibitor, Il-1b antibodies, BCG, ATG, DiaPep277) and autoantigen (proinsulin peptides) specific therapy. Although preserved beta-cell function long term has been difficult to achieve in many prior studies, considerable progress is being made through controlled clinical trials and animal investigations to uncover mechanisms of beta-cell destruction. Novel therapies that would prevent islet autoimmunity or halt progressive beta-cell destruction need to be designed.

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Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study

Abstract: Cod liver oil may reduce the risk of type 1 diabetes, perhaps through the antiinflammatory effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids.

Cited by 359 publications

References 31 publications

Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in offspring

Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in offspring

Comparison between omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes as assessed by a food frequency questionnaire and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition in young children

Immune therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus

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