Use of contraceptives and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a nested case–control study

Abstract

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Oral Contraception: Beyond What Meets the Eye. Sorry, the Ovaries!

“…Pasvol et al 7 have observed an increase in the risk of inflammatory bowel disease in women using combined, instead of progestogen-only, pills in a UK cohort of patients, consistent with Quinn et al 8 that reported that women using oral contraceptives to have higher oxidative stress and CRP.…”

Medication-Wide Study: Exploring Medication Use 10 Years Before a Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…Another possible explanation for our findings is that treatment with certain medications could be an independent risk factor for the development of IBD. Medications such as isotretinoin, antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, oral contraceptives, mycophenolate mofetil, etanercept, ipilimumab, and rituximab have been linked to causing or worsening IBD (28,39). All of these medications belong to subgroups more used by the IBD population.…”

Environmental risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease

“…21 Oral contraceptives (OCP) use has been shown to increase the risk of IBD by 30% (OR 1.32, 95% CI: 1.17-1.49, p < 0.001, I 2 = 14%), CD by 24% (OR 1.24, 95% CI: 1.09-1.40, p < 0.001, I 2 = 38%) and UC by 30% (OR 1.30, 95% CI: 1.13-1.49, [22][23][24] Longer exposures to OCP were also associated with an increased risk with each additional month of OCP increasing the risk of CD by 6.4% (5.1%-7.7%) and UC by 3.3% (2.1%-4.4%). 23,25 Progesterone-only pills had no risk of developing CD (OR 1.09; 95% CI: 0.84-1.40) but a modest association with UC (OR 1.35; 95% CI: 1.12-1.64). 25 Lastly, parenteral contraceptives were associated with a borderline increased risk of CD (OR 1.15; 95% CI:0.99-1.47) and UC (OR 1.17; 95% CI:0.98-1.39).…”

“… 22 , 23 , 24 Longer exposures to OCP were also associated with an increased risk with each additional month of OCP increasing the risk of CD by 6.4% (5.1%–7.7%) and UC by 3.3% (2.1%–4.4%). 23 , 25 Progesterone‐only pills had no risk of developing CD (OR 1.09; 95% CI: 0.84–1.40) but a modest association with UC (OR 1.35; 95% CI: 1.12–1.64). 25 Lastly, parenteral contraceptives were associated with a borderline increased risk of CD (OR 1.15; 95% CI:0.99–1.47) and UC (OR 1.17; 95% CI:0.98–1.39).…”

“… 23 , 25 Progesterone‐only pills had no risk of developing CD (OR 1.09; 95% CI: 0.84–1.40) but a modest association with UC (OR 1.35; 95% CI: 1.12–1.64). 25 Lastly, parenteral contraceptives were associated with a borderline increased risk of CD (OR 1.15; 95% CI:0.99–1.47) and UC (OR 1.17; 95% CI:0.98–1.39). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that estrogen has immune‐mediator properties.…”