“…Meanwhile, the mind-mapping technique has been proven effective for improving student learning performance in various disciplines, for example in Chemistry (Redhana et al, 2021), English vocabulary (Wang & Dostál, 2018), and science (Debbag et al, 2021). In addition to improving student learning outcomes, researchers have also reported the benefits of mind-mapping in increasing students' creativity and critical thinking skills (for example, Karim & Mustapha, 2020;Rosba et al, 2021), and motivation (Sabarun et al, 2021).…”