“…Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images available from NASA’s Land [ 58 , 59 ], Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE) and data from Group on Earth Observation Global Agricultural Monitoring (GEOGLAM) [ 60 ] provide important data on green vegetation density, mapping the regions where plants/crops are thriving and where they are under stress (i.e., due to lack of water). Aside from soil moisture, satellite imagery has been used in determining other soil parameters, such as carbon content, salinity, pH, temperature [ 56 , 61 , 62 ], detection of pests, diseases, and pollinators [ 63 , 64 ], prediction of crop yield and natural disasters, and phenotyping of crops [ 65 , 66 ]. Although it may seem appealing to use these methods due to the scale of the measurements, they have course spatial and temporal resolution and are restricted to shallow penetration.…”