Use of elemental composition to predict bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in a Georgia river

Abstract

The relationship between the bioavailability of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its bulk chemical composition was examined on three dates at 10 sites on the Ogeechee River, a blackwater river in Georgia, Samples of riverine DOM were concentrated from filtered river water using reverse osmosis. In addition, particulate organic matter (POM), in the form of leaf litter, algae, and macrophytes, was leached with synthetic rainwater to obtain fresh DOM. Elemental composition, carboxylic acid content, and bacterial growth were measured on all samples. The results of this study indicate that fresh DOM in POM leachates is generally more bioavailable than riverine DOM. The bioavailability of riverine DOM appears to be greater under low discharge conditions and decreases with distance downstream. The bioavailability of all DOM samples is very well predicted (r2 = 0.93, II = 20) by an empirical equation of the form: bioavailability = a,, + a,(H: C) + a,(0 : C) + al(N : C). When compositional data arc plotted on a van Krevelen diagram, it is evident that POM leachates and, to a lesser degree, DOM from headwatcr sites have compositions that differ little from simple mixtures of major components of biomass (lipids, sugars, proteins, and lignins). Father downstream, major diagenetic alteration of organic matter is evident from the compositions of DOM samples, whose H : C and 0 : C ratios are lower and higher, respectively, than for any possible mixture of biomass components. Bioavailability of DOM is closely related to the pcrccntage of aliphatic carbon in a sample, and downstream decreases in bioavailability arc mainly attributable to selective degradation of aliphatic carbon in riverine DOM.Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an essential component of microbial food webs in natural waters because it is a growth substrate for bacteria that are then consumed by higher trophic levels (Pomeroy 1974). Only a fraction of the DOM present in natural waters supports bacterial growth, and the bioavailability of DOM varies from <1 to >75% for different molecular weight fractions and in different environments (Table I). Because of the significance of DOM in microbial food webs and the great variation in its availability to bacteria, researchers have sought simple physical or chemical indicators of the bioavailability of DOM in natural waters. One approach has been to quantify specific biochemical compounds such as sugars and amino acids, whose concentrations may reflect the bioavailability of DOM. This approach is neither simple nor predictive of bioavailability of the entire DOM pool. Separating riverine DOM by molecular size using ultrafiltration showed that bacteria use DOM fractions in the order small > large > moderate (Meyer et al. 1987); yet high molecular weight oceanic DOM is more available than low (Amon and Benner 1994). Hence one cannot use the size distribution of DOM to predict reliably its bioavailability. A third approach is based on a bioassay of bacterial growth after resins are used to separate Acknowledgments...

Bioavailability of DON from natural and anthropogenic sources to estuarine plankton

“…Accumulation of bacterial biomass (bacterial regrowth bioassays; mg bacterial biomass mg Ϫ1 initial DOC) is inversely correlated with the C : N of the bulk DOM in a number of studies. These include studies with Ogeechee River water (r 2 ϭ 0.63, n ϭ 14; one outlier omitted from regression) and with plant/algal leachate (r 2 ϭ 0.79, n ϭ 5; our calculations using data in Sun et al 1997), and across four rivers (r 2 ϭ 0.84, n ϭ 4; our calculations using data in Hopkinson et al 1998). This correlation with C : N suggests that proteinaceous moieties are preferentially consumed (Sun et al 1997).…”

“…These include studies with Ogeechee River water (r 2 ϭ 0.63, n ϭ 14; one outlier omitted from regression) and with plant/algal leachate (r 2 ϭ 0.79, n ϭ 5; our calculations using data in Sun et al 1997), and across four rivers (r 2 ϭ 0.84, n ϭ 4; our calculations using data in Hopkinson et al 1998). This correlation with C : N suggests that proteinaceous moieties are preferentially consumed (Sun et al 1997). Although we cannot directly compare our results to the above studies because of differences in methodologies, we found no statistically significant relationship between the C : N ratio of the DOM added and the proportion of DON that was bioavailable either across all sources (r 2 ϭ 0.04, P ϭ 0.12) or within a source (r 2 Յ 0.04, P Ն 0.4).…”

“…From a carbon perspective, aliphatic C appears more bioavailable than aromatic C (Moran and Hodson 1994;Sun et al 1997;Hopkinson et al 1998). Aromatic humic compounds are likely a major component of DON from forest and agricultural soil sources.…”

Fluorescence characteristics and biodegradability of dissolved organic matter in forest and wetland soils from coastal temperate watersheds in southeast Alaska

“…As a result, wetland inputs of DOM to streams can have a profound impact on the chemistry (Billett et al 2006) and biology (Sun et al 1997) of aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic DOC concentrations have been shown to be signiWcantly correlated with peatland coverage (Aitkenhead et al 1999), wetland area (Gorham et al 1998) and wetland type (Xenopoulos et al 2003).…”

Altitudinal patterns of diversity and functional traits of metabolically active microorganisms in stream biofilms

“…DOC encompasses a large pool of molecules, which depending on their source (i.e., autochthonous versus allochthonous), can vary in chemical composition and bioavailability (e.g., Sun et al, 1997;Jaffé et al, 2012). Allochthonous constituents typically dominate the DOC pool, with the exception of alpine and arid catchments devoid of major terrestrial vegetation (e.g., Milner et al, 2009).…”