Use of Ethnicity as a Predictor of Achievement A Reply to Klingele and Warrick

Prediction of reading by Ga and Gc specific cognitive abilities for low-SES white and hispanic English-speaking children

“…The invariance of relations across ethnicity among the predictor variables and reading achievement is a finding that is consistent with research demonstrating that SES is a more robust predictor of academic achievement than ethnicity (Laosa, 1984;Penny & Bond, 1991;Rumberger, 1983;Valencia, 1979). For example, Valencia (1979), in a study comparing the nonverbal cognitive ability of White and Hispanic third-grade boys, found that when SES and English-language proficiency were statistically controlled, only 4% of the variance in IQ was accounted for by ethnicity.…”

Ethnic, gender, and socio-economic group differences in academic performance and secondary school selection: A longitudinal analysis

“…We would also acknowledge the debate about the use of broad measures of ethnicity as a predictor of achievement (Caldas, 1992;Penny & Bond, 1991). On the one hand, it is argued that race is not itself a proxy of any process and does not advance the understanding of educational achievement.…”

Reexamination of Input and Process Factor Effects on Public School Achievement

“…411 m cited in Weitman et al, 1990). Although the use of ethnicity as a proxy for SES has been challenged by Penny and Bond (1991) on the basis of its lack of "manipulability" (p. 133), the inclusion of race in regression models allows researchers to statistically remove its effect on achievement (Caldas, 1992).…”