Use of existing steel pipeline infrastructure for gaseous hydrogen storage and transport: A review of factors affecting hydrogen induced degradation

Laureys, Aurélie; Depraetere, Robin; Cauwels, Margo; Depover, Tom; Hertelé, Stijn; Verbeken, Kim

doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2022.104534

Cited by 107 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…It can be burned to produce heat or combined with oxygen in fuel cells to generate electricity directly, with water being the only emissions at the point of usage. Hydrogen is problematic in metallurgy because it can embrittle many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks [9,10]. If hydrogen is produced using electricity that was generated from sustainable sources, it has the potential to play a signi cant role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WITHDRAWN: Effects of equivalence ratio and wall properties on the heat transfer characteristics of microchannel reactors for hydrogen production

Chen

2022

Preprint

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There is a continuing effort to perform steam reforming reactions in thermally integrated microchannel chemical reactors. However, the mechanisms for the effects of design factors on heat transfer characteristics are still not fully understood. This study relates to a thermochemical process for producing hydrogen by the catalytic endothermic reaction of methanol with steam in a thermally integrated microchannel reforming reactor. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are conducted to better understand the consumption, generation, and exchange of thermal energy between endothermic and exothermic processes in the reactor. The effects of equivalence ratio and wall properties on heat transfer characteristics and reactor performance are investigated. The results indicate that there are issues of efficiency loss for fuel-rich combustion cases. Loss of flame stability due to external heat losses are main issues that require thermal management. The thermal conductivity of the channel walls is fundamentally important. Materials with high thermal conductivity are preferred for the channel walls. Thermally conductive ceramics and metals are well-suited. Wall materials with poor heat conduction properties degrade the reactor performance. The heat released by the exothermic reaction could be entirely consumed by the endothermic reaction, thereby avoiding heat imbalances within the reactor or reducing the likelihood of the formation of hot spots within the catalyst layers. No flame combustion is involved in the process. Design recommendations are made to improve thermal performance for the reactor.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WITHDRAWN: Effects of equivalence ratio and wall properties on the heat transfer characteristics of microchannel reactors for hydrogen production

Chen

2022

Preprint

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“…Tensile testing results obtained on H-charged pipeline steel specimens showed that H atoms did not influence the elastic modulus, yield stress and ultimate tensile strength of the steels (Briottet et al 2012;Nanninga et al 2012;Nguyen et al 2020). However, the steels' ductility was reduced more than 20% in terms of the reduction in area at fracture surface compared with the H-free specimens (Laureys et al 2022). The fracture toughness measured in hydrogen gas environments reduced to 48~60% of the fracture toughness in air.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Finite element modeling of the hydrogen atom distribution on dented pipeline for hydrogen transport under cyclic loading

Zhao

Cheng

2023

Preprint

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Repurposing existing natural gas pipelines for hydrogen transport requires an accurate assessment of the distribution of hydrogen (H) atoms at surface defects such as dents under frequent pressure fluctuations encountered on gas pipelines. In this work, a 3-dimensional finite element-based model was developed to determine the stress/strain and H atom concentrations at an unconstrained dent on an X52 steel pipe experiencing denting, spring-back and cyclic loading processes. As expected, a stress/strain concentration generates at the dent center, while the cyclic loading reduces the stress level and shifts the stress concentration zone from the dent center along the circumferential direction. As the dent depth increases, the maximum H atom concentration is further shifted from the dent center to the side. A coincident relationship between the maximum H atom concentration, von Mises stress, hydrostatic stress and plastic strain does not exist. Pressure fluctuations decrease both the stress and H atom concentrations, providing a beneficial effect on reduced risk of the dented pipelines to hydrogen embrittlement in high-pressure hydrogen gas environments. Further analysis shows that the indenter size has little influence on the H distribution in the dent area.

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“…129 Addition of inhibitor gas traces, especially O 2 , has been proposed as a mitigation method for HE in pipelines, 130 which has significance for repurposing gas grids. 131 According to Michler et al, 132 the partial pressure of O 2 is the dominant factor that controls embrittlement. Empirical evidence of gas inhibitors on HE is summarized in several review articles 129,133,134 which have a consensus that oxygen has a mitigation effect on HE, whereas the influence of other impurities needs further investigation.…”

Section: H Entry During Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Embrittlement as a Conspicuous Material Challenge─Comprehensive Review and Future Directions

Yu,

Díaz,

et al. 2024

Chem. Rev.

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Hydrogen is considered a clean and efficient energy carrier crucial for shaping the net-zero future. Large-scale production, transportation, storage, and use of green hydrogen are expected to be undertaken in the coming decades. As the smallest element in the universe, however, hydrogen can adsorb on, diffuse into, and interact with many metallic materials, degrading their mechanical properties. This multifaceted phenomenon is generically categorized as hydrogen embrittlement (HE). HE is one of the most complex material problems that arises as an outcome of the intricate interplay across specific spatial and temporal scales between the mechanical driving force and the material resistance fingerprinted by the microstructures and subsequently weakened by the presence of hydrogen. Based on recent developments in the field as well as our collective understanding, this Review is devoted to treating HE as a whole and providing a constructive and systematic discussion on hydrogen entry, diffusion, trapping, hydrogen–microstructure interaction mechanisms, and consequences of HE in steels, nickel alloys, and aluminum alloys used for energy transport and storage. HE in emerging material systems, such as high entropy alloys and additively manufactured materials, is also discussed. Priority has been particularly given to these less understood aspects. Combining perspectives of materials chemistry, materials science, mechanics, and artificial intelligence, this Review aspires to present a comprehensive and impartial viewpoint on the existing knowledge and conclude with our forecasts of various paths forward meant to fuel the exploration of future research regarding hydrogen-induced material challenges.

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Use of existing steel pipeline infrastructure for gaseous hydrogen storage and transport: A review of factors affecting hydrogen induced degradation

Cited by 107 publications

References 76 publications

WITHDRAWN: Effects of equivalence ratio and wall properties on the heat transfer characteristics of microchannel reactors for hydrogen production

WITHDRAWN: Effects of equivalence ratio and wall properties on the heat transfer characteristics of microchannel reactors for hydrogen production

Finite element modeling of the hydrogen atom distribution on dented pipeline for hydrogen transport under cyclic loading

Hydrogen Embrittlement as a Conspicuous Material Challenge─Comprehensive Review and Future Directions

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