Use of gasotransmitters for the controlled release of polymer-based nitric oxide carriers in medical applications

Abstract

Nitric Oxide (NO) is a small molecule gasotransmitter synthesized by nitric oxide synthase in almost all types of mammalian cells. NO is synthesized by NO synthase by conversion of l-arginine to l-citrulline in the human body. NO then stimulates soluble guanylate cyclase, from which various physiological functions are mediated in a concentration-dependent manner. High concentrations of NO induce apoptosis or antibacterial responses whereas low NO circulation leads to angiogenesis. The bidirectional effect of NO has attracted considerable attention, and efforts to deliver NO in a controlled manner, especially through polymeric carriers, has been the topic of much research. This naturally produced signaling molecule has stood out as a potentially more potent therapeutic agent compared to exogenously synthesized drugs. In this review, we will focus on past efforts of using the controlled release of NO via polymer-based materials to derive specific therapeutic results. We have also added studies and our future suggestions on co-delivery methods with other gasotransmitters as a step towards developing multifunctional carriers.

Enhanced NO-induced angiogenesisviaNO/H2S co-delivery from self-assembled nanoparticles

“…3T3-L1 was assessed because the fibroblast is the most common type of cell discovered in connective tissue, and HUVECs were observed because the endothelial cells are substantially involved in angiogenesis. Also, because NO and H 2 S are known to play an important role in cancer progress and therapy, 1,51 various cancer cell lines, including C6 (mouse brain glial cell), A549 (lung carcinoma), and MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), were assessed. ADSCs, which are stem cells that can differentiate into many different cell types, were tested to observe the proliferation ability of the PTA-NO-NPs.…”

“…Gaseous signaling molecules (i.e., gasotransmitters) have emerged in therapeutics as physiological modulators because they can freely permeate membranes and regulate physiological pathways and cell functions. 1,2 Gasotransmitters can be endogenously synthesized by various types of cells, interacting with each other in just a blip. The first identified gasotransmitter was nitric oxide (NO), which has been researched in cardiovascular systems, neuronal systems, immune modulators, wound healing, and cancer therapy.…”

“…The self-assembled nanoparticles were characterized and displayed enhanced angiogenic potential in vitro and ex vivo. To deliver two different molecules together, biodegradable amphiphilic mPEG-PLGA-based mPEG-PLGH-thiobenzamide (PTA) copolymers were prepared and characterized by 1 H NMR and FT-IR. First, mPEG-PLGH copolymers, which have carboxylic functional groups in the backbone chain of mPEG-PLGA as H 2 S-donor-conjugating moieties, were successfully polymerized by a ring-opening polymerization with L-lactide, glycolide, and HMPA.…”

Approaches and Recent Advances in Protein and Peptide Drug Delivery System

“…This structure shows an elevated suspension constancy and less contact with blood (Gaucher et al, 2005). Polymeric vesicles having developing stage for drug delivery; they have notable facts as drug nanocarriers (Ke et al, 2018;Padmavathy et al, 2018;Yang et al, 2018;Zheng et al, 2018). Either hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of block copolymers might be improved, ensuing disassociation of polymeric micelles/ vesicles (Johnson and Preman, 2019; Lei et al, 2020).…”

Exploitation of nitric oxide donors to control bacterial adhesion on ready‐to‐eat vegetables and dispersal of pathogenic biofilm from polypropylene

“…Despite the toxicity of gaseous NO, it can be released safely in situ by using specific organic donor molecules. This practice has been used regularly in medical applications …”