Use of Green Fluorescent Nano-sensors for the Determination of Furosemide in Biological Samples and Pharmaceutical Preparations

Abstract

A facile green microwave-assisted method was developed for the production of highly fluorescent nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) using sucrose and urea as starting materials. The fluorescent N-CQDs were utilized as nano-sensors for the spectrofluorimetric estimation of furosemide after subjecting to extensive spectroscopic characterization. The quantum yield of the obtained N-CQDs was found to be 0.57. After excitation of the produced N-CQDs at 216 nm, a strong emission band appeared at 376 nm. The fluorescence emission of N-CQDs was quantitatively quenched by adding increased concentrations of the drug. A linear relationship was obtained over the concentration range of 0.1–1.0 µg/mL. The developed method was successfully applied for the estimation of furosemide in its pharmaceutical preparations and biological samples. The mechanism of the quenching was studied and explained. Interference likely to be introduced from co-administered drugs was also studied.

Highly fluorescent nitrogen‐doped carbon quantum dots prepared using sucrose and urea: Green synthesis, characterization, and use for determination of torsemide in its tablets and plasma samples

“…For the synthesis of CQDs using microwave method, citric acid and urea derivatives are the most common chemicals as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively [5,6]. Also, sucrose and urea are sometimes used to synthesize nitrogendoped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) [7,8]. CQDs have been widely used as fluorescent probes for detecting various analytes in the environment or biological systems.…”