Use of Immunostimulants and Nucleotides in Aquaculture: A Review

Abstract

Nucleotide-supplemented diets are not strictly immunostimulants by definition but provide a dietary supplement that allows improved resistance to a pathogen insult. Although such diets have been reported not to induce measurable immunostimulatory effects[5-7], they nevertheless seems to be able to up-regulate several immune genes in turbot (Scopthalamus maximus L.), which contradicts the earlier claims that these diets are not immunostimulatory [7].

Effect of β glucan dietary levels on immune response and hematology of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus juveniles

“…Glucans are polysaccharides with different primary molecular structures that vary depending on their source, which have different implications on their immunostimulant activity (Akramienė et al, 2007); glucans are commonly found ___________________ Corresponding editor: Jesús Ponce-Palafox in mushrooms, algae, yeast, cereals and cell walls of bacteria (Ringø et al, 2011;Meena et al, 2013). Glucans called β-glucans have glycosidic linkages β-1,3 and β-1,6 and can be found on baker's yeast; this type of glucans exhibit the greatest ability to increase immune ability (Ringø et al, 2011).…”

“…In recent years, immunostimulants have been included in the feed of cultured fish in order to improve their immune system (Meena et al, 2013;De et al, 2014;Vaseeharan & Thaya, 2014;Yang et al, 2016), stress resistance, antioxidant activity (Zhao et al, 2012;Guzmán-Villanueva et al, 2014;Zanuzzo et al, 2015;Zeng et al, 2016), inflammatory response (Boltaña et al, 2011), and resistance to bacterial (Bonaldo et al, 2009;Meshram et al, 2015), virus (Parmar et al, 2012) and parasite infections (Jaafar et al, 2011). Glucans are polysaccharides with different primary molecular structures that vary depending on their source, which have different implications on their immunostimulant activity (Akramienė et al, 2007); glucans are commonly found ___________________ Corresponding editor: Jesús Ponce-Palafox in mushrooms, algae, yeast, cereals and cell walls of bacteria (Ringø et al, 2011;Meena et al, 2013). Glucans called β-glucans have glycosidic linkages β-1,3 and β-1,6 and can be found on baker's yeast; this type of glucans exhibit the greatest ability to increase immune ability (Ringø et al, 2011).…”

“…β-glucans (1,3/1,6) have been widely used to stimulate innate immune response, and to improve parameters like phagocyte activity, respiratory burst activity, nitric oxide, complement and lysozyme activity, as well as to increase the number of leukocytes (Ringø et al, 2011;Bridle et al, 2005) on salt and freshwater fish, such as Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (Bridle et al, 2005); rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus (Del Rio-Zaragoza et al, 2011); sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (Bonaldo et al, 2009); grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Kim et al, 2009); rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Jaafar et al, 2011) and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Cain et al, 2003). In this regard, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus also seems to respond to β-glucan immunostimulation when whole yeast cells have been used to improve its immune system (Welker et al, 2007).…”

Evaluation of different dietary additives based on growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance in juvenile Amur catfish, Silurus asotus

“…Innate immune response is the fundamental defense mechanism in fish and also plays a key role in the acquired immune response and homeostasis through a system of receptor proteins (Halver and Hardy 2002;Uribe et al 2011;Reverter et al 2014;Srivastava and Pandey 2015). Lysozyme is produced mainly by macrophages in response to microbial components and many other immune stimulants (Siwicki and Anderson Siwicki and Anderson 1993;Ringø et al 2012) and it is a preferred marker of the immune response due to its close association with leucocytes (Kiron 2012). On the other hand, SOD are metalloenzymes that catalyze the dismutation of the superoxide radical (O 2-) into hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and molecular oxygen (O 2 ) (Shao et al 2010), which provides an important defense against oxidative damage.…”

Effects of Dietary Administration of <I>Bacillus</I> Probiotics on the Non-Specific Immune Responses of Tinfoil Barb, <I>Barbonymus Schwanenfeldii</I> (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)

“…The dietary application of probiotics has numerous beneficial effects on fish including growth promotion through the modulation of the host's metabolic functions possibly enhancing the fish digestive activity and synthesis of vitamins (Gatesoupe 2008, Kesarcodi-Watson et al 2008, Ringø et al 2012, pathogen exclusion through the modification of the gut microflora and disease resistance through the enhancement of fish immunity (Aly et al 2008, Gatesoupe 2008, Nayak 2010, Ringø et al 2012. Such exogenous microbes antagonistic to pathogens are termed biocontrol agents (Merrifield et al 2010, Maeda et al 1997.…”