Use of Kinetic Inhibitors of Gas Hydrate Formation in Oil and Gas Production Processes: Current State and Prospects of Development

Zhukov, A. Yu.; Stolov, Mikhail; Varfolomeev, Mikhail A.

doi:10.1007/s10553-017-0814-6

Cited by 38 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Most current commercial KHI polymers are polyamides such as homopolymers and copolymers of N -vinyl lactams or N -isopropylmethacrylamide, as well as polyesteramides such as hyperbranched poly(esteramide)s or polyester pyroglutamates. 3 − 6 , 10 , 11 However, polymers with other hydrophilic groups besides amides have been shown to have good KHI performance, especially polyamine oxides. 12 − 14 This may be due to the strong hydrogen bonding afforded by both amides and amine oxides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonpolymeric Citramide-Based Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors: Good Performance with Just Six Alkylamide Groups

Ghosh

Kelland

2022

ACS Omega

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The use of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) is a well-known method for preventing gas hydrate formation in oil and gas production flow lines. The main ingredient in KHI formulations is one or more polymers with amphiphilic groups. Here, we report a series of citramide-based nonpolymeric KHIs. The KHI performance of these citramide derivatives has been studied using a synthetic natural gas mixture (forming structure II hydrate as the thermodynamically preferred phase) in slow constant cooling (ca. 1 °C/h starting from 20.5 °C) high-pressure (76 bar) rocking cell experiments. Isobutyl-substituted alkyl chains in the mono/bis(trialkyl citric acid) amide derivative gave better KHI performance than n -propyl-substituted citramide derivatives. Moreover, biscitramides with six alkylamide functional groups gave better performance than the equivalent monocitramides with three alkylamide groups. A solution of 2500 ppm of bis(tributyl citric acid) amide gave an average gas hydrate onset temperature ( T o ) of 8.4 °C compared to 8.9 °C for a low molecular weight N -vinyl pyrrolidone/ N -vinyl caprolactam 1:1 copolymer. For the bis(tributyl citric acid) amide, addition of liquid hydrocarbon ( n -decane) lowered further the average T o value to 6.2 °C, although this is at least partly due to lowering of the hydrate equilibrium temperature. This study demonstrates that good KHI performance can be obtained from molecules with as little as six amphiphilic alkylamide groups.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonpolymeric Citramide-Based Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors: Good Performance with Just Six Alkylamide Groups

Ghosh

Kelland

2022

ACS Omega

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“…Hydrates only became relevant in industry in the 1930s when it was discovered that they form and block oil and gas pipelines . Therefore, much research since has been focused on the inhibition of gas hydrate formation. − However, hydrates are now being used in a variety of technologies such as carbon dioxide sequestration, natural gas transport and storage, novel separation techniques, and refrigeration processes. ,− It is therefore of great interest to study compounds that assist in the formation of hydrate structures, as they can potentially be used to improve and further develop these technologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Graphene Nanoflakes on Methane Hydrate Kinetics

et al. 2019

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Gas hydrate technologies have steadily gained interest in several industries for their potential use in natural gas transport and carbon dioxide sequestration applications. To further develop these emerging technologies, significant focus has been placed on additives, and particularly nanoparticles, which optimize their efficiencies. The addition of materials such as graphene nanoflakes (GNFs) has previously been proven to enhance the production of methane hydrates and other hydrate systems. In this study, the growth rates of methane hydrates were measured in the presence of both hydrophobic (as-produced) and hydrophilic (plasma-functionalized) GNFs at 2 °C and 4646 kPa. The effect of GNF loading in the aqueous phase for both types was also determined. Small-scale agglomeration limited the growth rate enhancement effect of hydrophobic GNFs at low concentrations of around 0.5 ppm while significantly increasing the formation kinetics by about 101% at concentrations of 5 ppm. At even higher concentrations (10 ppm), the performance decreased due to large-scale agglomeration. Enhancement rose rapidly at low concentrations (0.1−1 ppm) of hydrophilic GNFs, peaking at about 288% before dropping to around 215% at 5 ppm due to mean free path limitations then rising again as surface area increased.

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“…An alternative method that has been in use since the mid-1990s is deployment of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs). − The main component of a liquid and pumpable KHI formulation is one or more water-soluble polymers in one or more solvents. The solvent and various classes of nonpolymeric synergists can be added to improve the performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powerful Synergy of Acetylenic Diol Surfactants with Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Polymers—Choosing the Correct Synergist Aqueous Solubility

Kelland

Dirdal

2021

Energy Fuels

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The performance of injected kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) polymer solutions can be boosted considerably by judicious choice of the polymer solvent system. We report the excellent KHI synergism of the low-foaming acetylenic diol gemini surfactant 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (TMDD) with poly(N-vinyl caprolactam), N-vinyl caprolactam:N-vinyl pyrrolidone copolymer, and poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide). Highpressure rocking cell tests, using the slow constant cooling method or the isothermal method, were carried out with a natural gas mixture giving structure II hydrates as the preferred thermodynamically stable phase. Poly(oxyethylene) derivatives of TMDD, which are far more water-soluble than TMDD, gave significantly lower synergetic KHI performance with the same polymers. It is conjectured that the low aqueous solubility of TMDD (1700 ppm at 20 °C) and its two isobutyl groups are key features contributing to the synergism. However, when decane was added to the system as a model liquid hydrocarbon phase, the synergetic performance decreases, probably due to partitioning of TMDD to the hydrocarbon phase. This highlights the need to choose synergist systems which are retained in the aqueous phase for optimal performance when condensate or oil is present in the produced fluids. Optimizing the structure and aqueous solubility of the synergist (solvent or otherwise) can be seen as complementary to the known principle of optimizing the structure and solubility of the KHI polymer.

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Use of Kinetic Inhibitors of Gas Hydrate Formation in Oil and Gas Production Processes: Current State and Prospects of Development

Cited by 38 publications

References 21 publications

Nonpolymeric Citramide-Based Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors: Good Performance with Just Six Alkylamide Groups

Nonpolymeric Citramide-Based Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors: Good Performance with Just Six Alkylamide Groups

Effects of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Graphene Nanoflakes on Methane Hydrate Kinetics

Powerful Synergy of Acetylenic Diol Surfactants with Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Polymers—Choosing the Correct Synergist Aqueous Solubility

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