“…GBTM has been implemented in empirical studies that investigate trajectory patterns in public health (e.g., Mody et al, 2019) and social science (e.g., Anderson, 2010) but with very few applications to education (e.g., Buckley et al, 2021;Shin et al, 2018). In one of the only studies that focuses on the adolescent population, Shin et al (2018) used data collected using the Science Motivation Questionnaire II from 255 male high school students over five semesters and applied GBTM to examine the longitudinal trajectories of Korean students' motivation to learn science based on five motivational constructs, namely, self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, grade motivation, self-determination, and career motivation.…”