“…Other research has confirmed that CAM provider users are more likely to be female (Kelner & Wellman, 1997;Thomas, Carr, Westlake, & Williams, 1991 ), although not all studies concur (Astin, 1998;Elder et al, 1997;Paramore, 1997 (Astin,1998;Kellner & Wellman, 1997;Paramore, 1997). In our setting, higher education historically has been associated with non-CAM provider use (i.e., physicians, mental health providers) outside the HMO (Freeborn & Pope, 1994).…”