Use of Nonanal-wax as Postharvest Fungicide of Tomato against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>

Abstract

The antifungal activity of nonanal against Botrytis cinerea, one of the most important postharvest diseases of tomato gray mold, was tested by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results of in vivo tests demonstrated that wax + nonanal treatment significantly decreased the incidence of gray mold during the entire storage period. After 8 d of storage, the disease incidences in Wax + nonanal (1×, 4× or 10× MFC)-treated fruits were 46.7%, 56.7%, 73.3%, respectively, in contrast to 100% of the control fruits. Loss of membrane integrity was examined and quantified under 10×MFC nonanal condition by the method of propidium iodide fluorescent staining. Wax + nonanal (10×MFC) treatment remarkably increased antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase (CAT), superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Meanwhile, this treatment (10×MFC) evidently exhibited a delayed decline in antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, nonanal treatment retained the fruit quality of tomatoes because it reduced the coloration index and weight loss and retained fruit firmness. No significant differences were found between the pH, Firmness and total soluble solid (TSS) content for all treatment under the same storage time. Our results suggest that nonanal can be considered as a good alternative to conventional fungicides in controlling the decay of tomato fruits.

Evaluation of the Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties of Tunichrome Released from Phallusia nigra Persian Gulf Marine Tunicate

“…e antimicrobial activities of 1,3-oxazine against Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes were also reported by Hamza et al [42]. e antimicrobial activity of nonanal was reported by Zhang et al [43]. e antimicrobial potential of hydrazinecarbothioamide against Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Paenibacillus macerans, and Salmonella typhimurium was reported by Shim et al [44].…”

“…According to the previous studies, some identified components such as 3-methyl-2-[4-(3-methyl-butoxy)-benzoylamino]-butyric acid [38], hexadecanoic acid [39], and phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- [40] exhibit high antioxidant activity. e antimicrobial activities of oxazine [41], 1,3-oxazine [42], nonanal [43], hydrazinecarbothioamide [44], triazene [45], butyric acid [46,47], (+)-trans-3,4-Dimethyl-2-phenyltetrahydro-1,4-thiazine [48][49][50], hexadecanoic acid [47], octadecanoic acid [51], spirost-8-en-11-one,3-hydroxy-, (3β, 5α, 14β.20β, 22β, 25R)- [52,53], and phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1dimethylethyl)- [40] were also well documented.…”

Trichoderma Strains and Metabolites Selectively Increase the Production of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Olive Trees

“…In the lipid-signaling pathway, decarboxylation yields alkanes, methyl ketones, or 1-alkenes, and the carboxy group reduction produces 1-alkanols and aldehydes. Nonanal inhibits Penicillium cyclopium and Botrytis cinerea ’s mycelial growth by disrupting the fungal cell membrane’s integrity, leaking the cell constituents and potassium ions, enhancing the extracellular pH, the total lipid content, and the membrane permeability [ 53 , 54 ]. Moreover, the nonanal acts as an attractant for pollinators [ 55 ], is an antifeedant [ 56 ], and controls, via the activation of peripheral neurons (e.g., in Helicoverpa assulta ), the insect oviposition preference [ 57 ].…”