Use of Organic Wastes and Industrial By-Products to Produce Filamentous Fungi with Potential as Aqua-Feed Ingredients

Abstract

Organic-rich waste and industrial by-product streams, generated in enormous amounts on a daily basis, contain substantial amounts of nutrients that are worthy of recovery. Biological conversion of organic-waste streams using filamentous fungi is a promising approach to convert nutrients into value-added bioproducts, such as fungal biomass. High-protein fungal biomass contains different kinds and levels of amino acids, fatty acids, immunostimulants, antioxidants, pigments, etc., which make it a potential choice for application in animal feed supplementation. Considering the challenges long faced by the aquaculture industry in fishmeal production due to the increasing prices and environmental concerns, the aquaculture industry is forced to provide alternative protein-rich sources to replace conventional fishmeal. In this review, the possibilities of utilization of filamentous fungi biomass cultivated on organic-rich waste streams, as an alternative nutrient source in fish feed, were thoroughly reviewed.

Evaluation of Filamentous Fungal Biomass Cultivated on Vinasse as an Alternative Nutrient Source of Fish Feed: Protein, Lipid, and Mineral Composition

“…However, their low digestibility, lower feed intake [17], adverse effects on microbiota and intestine structure [14], and high amount of anti-nutrients (such as protease inhibitors, lectin, phytic acid, saponins, glucosinolates, tannins, gossypol, and anti-vitamins that are involved in growth reduction and immune system impairment) have limited their application in fish diets [18]. Although animal-based protein sources, such as fish processing wastes [19], meat, bone and blood meal [20,21], and feather meal [22], have some advantages over plant-based ones, such as higher digestibility and the absence of anti-nutrient factors, they are costly and have limited availability [23]. Furthermore, there are ethical and logical challenges in using food ingredients that can be used directly as human food for fish feed ingredients.…”

“…Among them, filamentous fungi are versatile microorganisms that can grow on a very wide range of organic materials. Their high protein content, good fatty acid composition, and the presence of other nutrients (such as vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and immune stimulant components) emphasize their potential to be introduced as suitable fish feed ingredients [23]. Filamentous fungi are employed in different areas, including the bio-ethanol industry, enzymes, organic acid production, and more recently in food industries.…”

“…Depending on the fungal species and cultivation conditions (e.g., the substrate's composition), a filamentous fungal biomass can contain approximately 50% protein (dry weight). In addition to protein content, the presence of essential fatty acids and minerals make them a valuable nutritious product that can be used as an alternative protein source in fishmeal [23].…”

“…Applying organic-rich industrial waste or by-product streams to the traditional fungi cultivation procedure could address concerns about both fungal biomass production costs and the unsavory environmental effects of industrial waste disposal. Accordingly, several industrial by-products have been investigated as microbial culture media [23].…”

PENGARUH TEKNIK PENGAPUNGAN HAYATI MELALUI FERMENTASI <em>Rhizopus</em> sp. TERHADAP KANDUNGAN NUTRISI PAKAN IKAN APUNG

“…Biomassa Rhizopus juga memiliki kandungan protein hingga 50% sehingga berpotensi sebagai sumber protein alternatif untuk pangan (Lennartsson et al 2018) maupun pakan (Santos et al 2016;Souza Filho et al 2017;Asadollahzadeh et al 2018;Souza Filho et al 2018). Sebagai sumber protein alternatif untuk pakan ikan, Rhizopus telah diteliti potensinya (Karimi et al 2018). Ujicoba Rhizopus sebagai komponen pakan sudah dilakukan pada ikan charr kutub (Salvelinus alpinus) untuk mengetahui tingkat kecernaan ) dan pertumbuhan ) pada ikan tersebut.…”