Use of portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) for the development and validation of passenger car emission factors

Kousoulidou, Marina; Fontaras, Georgios; Ntziachristos, Leónidas; Bonnel, Pierre; Samaras, Zissis; Dilara, Panagiota

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.062

Cited by 159 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The EFs prediction of the dynamic model are consistent with experiments based on PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) reported in the literature, Kousoulidou et al [20]; on the other hand, predictions based on COPERT 4 model overestimate CO and HC EFs, whereas, good agreement on NOx is found. This condition is represented in Figure 7, where the EFs as function of vehicle average speed are reported; the aforementioned differences are clearly visible.…”

Section: Emissionssupporting

confidence: 78%

Investigating the influence of highway traffic flow condition on pollutant emissions using driving simulators

Blasiis

Prete²,

Guattari

et al. 2013

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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In the last 20 years the attention of international organizations towards air pollution has been improved, leading to definition of laws and regulations. In order to evaluate strategies and policies, forecasting tools have been adopted by institutions. Currently, the estimation of traffic emissions is based on static models, in which the amount of pollutant is computed as a function of average parameters obtained on a single road stretch.The well-known traffic increase of recent years has significantly changed the actual flow conditions, producing a strong rise of interferences. As this facet affects the operating condition of each vehicle, the use of a standard emission model at high traffic interference can lead to some inaccuracies. In such cases, instantaneous emission models introduce deeper capabilities; essentially, the pollutant prediction is directly tied to the engine vehicle operation point in reallike traffic condition. This second modelling approach has been adopted in the current work. A complete lumped parameter vehicle model has been built to be used as a virtual on-road emission/fuel consumption test unit. Investigations have highlighted the dependence of emission level and fuel consumption on drivers' behaviour; indeed, the analysis took advantage of the experiments carried out in the virtual reality laboratory: on a typical highway geometry, characterized by a dual lane carriageway with three lanes each, three different flow conditions have been simulated. Once the relationship between highway interference level and drivers' behaviour has been evidenced (in terms of emissions and fuel consumption), a relation between highway interference level and emissions/fuel consumption has been highlighted. Finally, in order to assess the differences between static and instantaneous emission models, a comparative analysis has been carried out.

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Section: Emissionssupporting

confidence: 78%

Investigating the influence of highway traffic flow condition on pollutant emissions using driving simulators

Blasiis

Prete²,

Guattari

et al. 2013

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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“…This new driving cycle ensures a nationwide comparability of test procedures but includes no on-road tests (DELPHI 2017). In a different approach, real-world emissions from diesel cars and cars with spark-ignition engines are measured by Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) (Weiss et al 2011;Kousoulidou et al 2013;Ntziachristos et al 2016). Several PEMS studies have shown that the Euro emission standards are frequently exceeded, especially the latest standard Euro 6 (Weiss et al 2012;Franco et al 2014;O'Driscoll et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-world vehicle emissions as measured by in situ analysis of exhaust plumes

Peitzmeier

Loschke

Wiedenhaus

et al. 2017

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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We conducted a 60-day roadside measurement campaign on a busy street in Münster, Germany, during summer 2016. We used gas and particle concentration measurements with high temporal resolution (10 Hz) to quantify both the emission ratios of nitrogen oxides per carbon dioxide (NO x /CO 2 ) for over 70,000 individual exhaust plumes as well as the emission ratios for size-resolved particle numbers per carbon dioxide (d(PN CO 2 −1 )/dlogD) for about 10,000plumes. The real-world fleet passing by the measurement station consisted of passenger cars (85%), buses (5.9%), light duty commercial vehicles (5.7%), trucks (1.7%), and motorcycles (1.6%). The median measured NO x /CO 2 ratio was 3.33 g kg −1 . The median measured PN/CO 2 emission ratio for particles with diameters between 0.03 and 10 μm was 5.6 × 10 14 kg −1 . We compared our results with the Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) and the Euro 5 and Euro 6 emission standards by employing traffic counts, assuming the diesel-to-gasoline ratios of vehicles according to registration statistics, and estimating that stop-and-go traffic occurred 65% of the time. Using a conservative estimate, our median ratios exceeded the HBEFA data by more than 65% for NO x /CO and by a factor of about 100 for PN/CO 2. Furthermore, our median NO x emission per kilometer travelled (NO x km −1 ) exceeded the Euro 5 emission limit for diesel cars by a factor of 3 and exceeded the Euro 6 limit by almost a factor of 7. Additionally, our median particle number emission (PN km −1 ) exceeded the Euro 5 and Euro 6 limits of diesel cars by a factor of almost 150. These results confirm the presumption that the emissions of a real-world traffic fleet comprehensively exceed the legal limits. Very likely, the widespread presence of defeat devices in vehicle emission control systems plays a major role in this discrepancy. This has a strong impact on the apparent inability of authorities to comply with the legal limits of the NO 2 concentrations in urban air.

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“…Concerning PM, CO and NMHC emissions from diesel technology however, successful reductions have taken place over the various Euro standards [30,31]. Nevertheless a direct injection (DI) combustion process does inherently create high levels of PM and PN.…”

Section: Regulated Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Analysis of Petrol, Diesel and Electric Passenger Cars in a Belgian Urban Setting

et al. 2016

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Abstract:The combustion of fossil fuels in the transport sector leads to an aggravation of the air quality along city roads and highways. Urban air quality is a serious problem nowadays as the number of vehicles increases on a yearly basis. With stricter Euro emission regulations, vehicle manufacturers are not meeting the imposed limits and are also disregarding the non-exhaust emissions. This paper highlights the relevance of non-exhaust emissions of passenger vehicles, both conventional (diesel and petrol) or electric vehicles (EV), on air quality levels in an urban environment in Belgium. An environmental life cycle assessment was carried out based on a real-world emission model for passenger cars and fuel refinery data. A cut-off was applied to the models to highlight what emissions, both from the refinery to the exhaust and electricity production for EV, do actually occur within Belgium's borders. Results show that not much progress has been made from Euro 4 to 6 for conventional vehicles. Electric vehicles pose the best alternative solution as a more environmentally friendly means of transportation. The analysis results target policy makers with the intention that regulations and policies would be developed in the future and target the characterization of non-exhaust emissions from vehicles. These results indicate that EVs offer a valid solution for addressing the urban air quality issue and that non-exhaust emissions should be addressed in future regulatory steps as they dominate the impact spectrum.

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Use of portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) for the development and validation of passenger car emission factors

Cited by 159 publications

References 25 publications

Investigating the influence of highway traffic flow condition on pollutant emissions using driving simulators

Investigating the influence of highway traffic flow condition on pollutant emissions using driving simulators

Real-world vehicle emissions as measured by in situ analysis of exhaust plumes

Environmental Analysis of Petrol, Diesel and Electric Passenger Cars in a Belgian Urban Setting

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