Objectives/Background-To explore associations between two specific cognitive domains and aspects of medication management among older primary care patients.Methods-A sample of patients aged 65+ years drawn from several small-town primary care practices was carefully characterized with cognitive testing and use of prescription medications. Two primary outcome variables were examined: (a) self reports of setting up schedules to manage their own medication, and (b) overall research assessment of adherence to prescribed medications. Predictor variables included scores on a test of verbal memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, HVLT) and a test of executive functions (Part B of the Trailmaking test) presence of prescription insurance, number of medications, and dosing frequency, adjusting for age, sex, and education. Multiple logistic regression and generalized estimating equation models were used for multivariable analyses.Results-Higher scores on the verbal memory test and having prescription insurance were independently associated with successfully setting up a medication schedule, after adjusting for covariates. Higher scores on the test of working memory and a lower number of prescription drugs were associated with the participant being assessed as adherent to medications.Conclusions-Independent cognitive processes are associated with the ability to set up a medication schedule and overall adherence to prescriptions. Better verbal memory functioning was strongly and independently associated with study participants setting up their own medication schedules, while better executive functioning was strongly and independently associated with being fully adherent to prescription instructions. Deficits in either cognitive ability could result in medication errors.