Use of Protection Motivation Theory to Assess Fear of Crime in Rural Areas

The Country'S Crime Rate Moderates the Relation between Authoritarian Predispositions and the Manifestations of Authoritarianism: A Multilevel, Multinational Study

“…The interaction between authoritarian predispositions and crime rates systematically showed positive links with the four manifestations of authoritarianism we examined, whereas the effects of the cross‐level interactions, including the other contextual variables we used as control variables (GDP pro capite , unemployment rate, and urbanism rate), have not been consistent. According to the criminological literature, the GPD pro capite and the unemployment rate account for economic threat, whereas the urbanism rate accounts for threat stemming from living in a socially and physically disordered environment (Cates, Dian, & Schnepf, ; Walklate & Mythen, ). Thus, we offered a strong, multilevel support for Stenner's thesis that normative threat is the type of threat at the core of people's authoritarian attitudes.…”

The Nature of Fear Among Farmers Working with Animal Production

“…Fear is "an emotion, a feeling of alarm or dread caused by awareness of expectation of danger" Warr (2000, p. 453) and is a multifaceted phenomenon (Cates, Donald, & Schnepf, 2003). Fear induced by risk of victimization depends not only on the perceived risk (likely but not serious) but on the perceived seriousness (less likely but serious), yet fear may be triggered by other factors than victimization (Gray, Jackson, & Farrall, 2008;Jackson, 2009;Jackson & Gray, 2010).…”

“…Fear is a multidimensional phenomenon (Cates et al, 2003), but older adults, women and people with disabilities are portrayed as being more fearful than the rest of the population (Box, Hale, & Andrews, 1988;Koskela, 1999;Loukaitou-Sideris, 2004;Lytle & Randa, 2015). Individuals may declare feeling fearful for a variety of reasons, some of which may relate to the likelihood of being a victim of crime.…”