Use of Rodeo® and X‐77® spreader to control smooth cordgrass (<i>Spartina alterniflora</i>) in a southwestern washington estuary: 1. Environmental fate

Paveglio, Fred L.; Kilbride, Kevin M.; Grue, Christian E.; Simenstad, Charles A.; Fresh, Kurt L.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620150619

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In conjunction with systematic sampling of the fate of Rodeo and X-77 Spreader [1] and effects upon Z. japonica (K.L. Fresh et al, unpublished data), we conducted pre-and posttreatment sampling of biota in sprayed (treatment) or unsprayed (control) plots.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fresh et al, unpublished data), we conducted pre-and posttreatment sampling of biota in sprayed (treatment) or unsprayed (control) plots. Glyphosate (58% glyphosate glycine) was applied by helicopter as Rodeo at 4.7 L ha Ϫ1 mixed with the surfactant X-77 Spreader (90% alkylarylpolyoxy-ethylene or AAPOE) at a rate of 0.9 L ha Ϫ1 [1]. The comprehensive sampling design is described in an accompanying paper, wherein Rodeo was measured as glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and X-77 Spreader as nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEO) through the course of the experiment [1].…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From August to December 1992, we conducted an experiment to evaluate the effects of spraying an herbicide and associated surfactant on estuarine intertidal mudflat benthic communities of Willapa Bay, Washington [1]. Herbicides and surfactants are applied to control the spread of Spartina alterniflora Loisel (hereafter referred to as Spartina), a non-native marsh plant that is rapidly colonizing Willapa Bay and has appeared in other West Coast estuaries [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most benthic and certain taxa of epibenthic organisms are also confined to a relatively small spatial scale on the sediment surface and would therefore constitute somewhat unified populations with minimal immigration from exogenous populations. To our knowledge, there have been no studies investigating comprehensively the fate and effects of glyphosate, an associated surfactant and their metabolites on a mudflat community at this scale of taxa resolution and duration [1] (K.L. Fresh et al, unpublished data).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fresh et al, unpublished data). Results of chemical analyses describing the application and fate of the herbicide and surfactant, background on the exper-iment, as well as physical and water quality information on the experimental sites at the time of sampling are provided in Paveglio et al [1]. K.L.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of Rodeo® and X-77® Spreader to Control Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina Alterniflora) in a Southwestern Washington Estuary: 2. Effects on Benthic Microflora and Invertebrates

Simenstad¹,

Cordell²,

Tear³

et al. 1996

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Abstract-In August 1992, we conducted an intensive short-term (within 119 d) experiment in southern Willapa Bay, Washington, to evaluate the potential effects on mudflat benthic communities of herbicide control of smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel. A mixture of glyphosate (Rodeo; 4.7 L ha Ϫ1 ) and an associated surfactant, alkylarylpolyoxyethylene (AAPOE, X-77 Spreader; 1 L ha Ϫ1 ) was applied aerially to three mudflat sites with invasive S. alterniflora. Sediment structure (grain size), edaphic microalgal biomass (chlorophyll a), and densities of benthic and epibenthic meiofauna and benthic macrofauna were sampled systematically in treated and adjacent control (untreated) plots 1 d before, immediately after, and 1, 14, 28 and 119 d after spraying. These mudflat biota showed no definitive differences in population trends that would indicate acute responses to the herbicide and surfactant applications over the 119-d duration of the experiment. Two-way ANOVA tests of differences in slope of linear regressions of mean plot microalgal biomass and invertebrate density of 19 taxa groups or species testing short-term (2 weeks) and long-term (17 weeks) trends in response to the experimental treatment tests indicated no significant (p Ͻ 0.1) treatment and only three site effects. Natural variability in the standing stocks (in the case of benthic microalgae) or densities (invertebrates) of most of the 19 indicator taxa prior to spray application was sufficiently high within and between treatment and control plots and among sites to preclude strong inferential tests of acute effects. Although differences in mudflat habitats (e.g., tidal elevation, sediment structure) inherent in the sites prior to treatment affect the power of our ability to test direct effects, there were no indications of either short-or long-term effects on the mudflat community of aerially applying this concentration of herbicide and surfactant. This study did not explicitly address either sublethal or indirect ecological effects, such as associated with an observed decrease in the exotic eelgrass Zostera japonica, which might appear as a longer-term, more subtle response by the mudflat community.

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Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Use of Rodeo® and X-77® Spreader to Control Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina Alterniflora) in a Southwestern Washington Estuary: 2. Effects on Benthic Microflora and Invertebrates

Simenstad¹,

Cordell²,

Tear³

et al. 1996

Environ Toxicol Chem

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Use of rodeo® and X‐77® spreader to control smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in a southwestern washington estuary: 2. Effects on benthic microflora and invertebrates

Simenstad¹,

Cordell²,

Tear³

et al. 1996

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In August 1992, we conducted an intensive short‐term (within 119d)experiment in southern Willapa Bay, Washington, to evaluate the potential effects on mudflat benthic communities of herbicide control of smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel. A mixture of glyphosate (Rodeo®; 4.7 L ha−1) and an associated surfactant, alkylarylpolyoxyethylene (AAPOE, X‐77® Spreader; 1 L ha−1) was applied aerially to three mudflat sites with invasive S. alterniflora. Sediment structure (grain size), edaphic microalgal biomass (chlorophyll a), and densities of benthic and epibenthic meiofauna and benthic macrofauna were sampled systematically in treated and adjacent control (untreated) plots 1 d before, immediately after, and 1, 14, 28 and 119 d after spraying. These mudflat biota showed no definitive differences in population trends that would indicate acute responses to the herbicide and surfactant applications over the 119‐d duration of the experiment. Two‐way ANOVA tests of differences in slope of linear regressions of mean plot microalgal biomass and invertebrate density of 19 taxa groups or species testing short‐term (2 weeks) and long‐term (17 weeks) trends in response to the experimental treatment tests indicated no significant (p < 0.1) treatment and only three site effects. Natural variability in the standing stocks (in the case of benthic microalgae) or densities (invertebrates) of most of the 19 indicator taxa prior to spray application was sufficiently high within and between treatment and control plots and among sites to preclude strong inferential tests of acute effects. Although differences in mudflat habitats (e.g., tidal elevation, sediment structure) inherent in the sites prior to treatment affect the power of our ability to test direct effects, there were no indications of either short‐ or long‐term effects on the mudflat community of aerially applying this concentration of herbicide and surfactant. This study did not explicitly address either sublethal or indirect ecological effects, such as associated with an observed decrease in the exotic eelgrass Zostera japonica, which might appear as a longer‐term, more subtle response by the mudflat community.

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Use of plants for toxicity assessment of estuarine ecosystems

Lytle

2001

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Estuarine ecosystems are being rapidly degraded by environmental toxicants from municipal and industrial wastes, agricultural runoff, recreational boating, shipping, and coastal development, ranking them as the most anthropogenically degraded habitat types on earth. Toxicity tests are used to establish links between adverse ecological effects and the toxicity of environmental chemicals. However, most toxicity tests used for regulating the release of chemicals into the environment have used animals as test species, with the erroneous assumption that toxicant levels protective of fish or invertebrates are also protective of plants. Most plant toxicity tests have used terrestrial crop plants, whereas the few aquatic test species used have been primarily freshwater algae. Even though estuarine and marine vascular plants are highly vulnerable to environmental chemicals, phytotoxicity studies using native coastal plants have been limited, and no such studies are required for testing by regulating agencies. The relevance of toxicity tests of estuarine sediments and of wastes entering the estuary should depend on the use of estuarine and marine plant species. This review summarizes toxicity testing of marine plants used in biomonitoring, phytotoxicity, biotransformations of toxicants, bioaccumulation, and phytoremediation. Challenges to marine plant testing are discussed and include developing standard test protocols, identifying species with minimal salinity and toxicant interaction, defining and choosing a suitable sediment for sedimentbound toxicant testing, selecting endpoints with low variability, producing viable seeds, and culturing test plants. Progress in acquiring a suitable database is being made, but at a rate that is inadequate to create the sound, scientific foundation needed for safeguarding our estuarine ecosystems in the near future.

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Use of Rodeo® and X‐77® spreader to control smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in a southwestern washington estuary: 1. Environmental fate

Cited by 15 publications

References 46 publications

Use of Rodeo® and X-77® Spreader to Control Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina Alterniflora) in a Southwestern Washington Estuary: 2. Effects on Benthic Microflora and Invertebrates

Use of Rodeo® and X-77® Spreader to Control Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina Alterniflora) in a Southwestern Washington Estuary: 2. Effects on Benthic Microflora and Invertebrates

Use of rodeo® and X‐77® spreader to control smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in a southwestern washington estuary: 2. Effects on benthic microflora and invertebrates

Use of plants for toxicity assessment of estuarine ecosystems

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