Use of Saliva Biomarkers to Monitor Efficacy of Vitamin C in Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress

Evans, Levi; Omaye, Stanley T.

doi:10.3390/antiox6010005

Cited by 36 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 171 publications

(192 reference statements)

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“…Molecules with unpaired electrons, which are referred to as ”free radicals”, include reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and have been known for many years to be capable of causing damage to numerous types of bio-molecules, including proteins, lipids and DNA [ 1 ]. Consequently, individual cells and multicellular organisms have evolved antioxidant defence systems to detoxify free-radicals, and to repair any associated damage that they may have caused; these encompass the actions of both exogenous antioxidants which may be taken in via the diet, and endogenous antioxidant systems which maintain redox balance via either chemical buffering (e.g., the reduced/oxidised glutathione (GSH/GSSG) system) or enzyme-catalysed free-radical detoxification (e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD)) (reviewed in [ 2 ]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ability of Exercise-Associated Oxidative Stress to Trigger Redox-Sensitive Signalling Responses

et al. 2017

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In this review, we discuss exercise as an oxidative stressor, and elucidate the mechanisms and downstream consequences of exercise-induced oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in the mitochondria of contracting skeletal myocytes; also, their diffusion across the myocyte membrane allows their transport to neighbouring muscle tissue and to other regions of the body. Although very intense exercise can induce oxidative damage within myocytes, the magnitudes of moderate-intensity exercise-associated increases in ROS are quite modest (~two-fold increases in intracellular and extracellular ROS concentrations during exercise), and so the effects of such increases are likely to involve redox-sensitive signalling effects rather than oxidative damage. Therefore, the responses of muscle and non-muscle cells to exercise-associated redox-sensitive signalling effects will be reviewed; for example, transcription factors such as Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and Liver X-Receptor-alpha (LXRα) comprise redox-activable signalling systems, and we and others have reported exercise-associated modulation of PPARγ and/or LXRα-regulated genes in skeletal myocyte and in non-muscle cell-types such as monocyte-macrophages. Finally, the consequences of such responses in the context of management of chronic inflammatory conditions, and also their implications for the design of exercise training programmes (particularly the use of dietary antioxidants alongside exercise), will be discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ability of Exercise-Associated Oxidative Stress to Trigger Redox-Sensitive Signalling Responses

et al. 2017

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“…Gao et al developed a sensor array that could be worn as wristband or headband to monitor metabolites in the sweat (Figure 6a). [123] Continuous monitoring of ionized calcium and pH of sweat using a wearable sensor provides essential information on human metabolism and minerals homeostasis. In a proof-of-concept study, the wearable sensors provide realtime monitoring of a person's hydration status (Figure 6c).…”

Section: Wearable Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering Precision Medicine

et al. 2018

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Advances in genomic sequencing and bioinformatics have led to the prospect of precision medicine where therapeutics can be advised by the genetic background of individuals. For example, mapping cancer genomics has revealed numerous genes that affect the therapeutic outcome of a drug. Through materials and cell engineering, many opportunities exist for engineers to contribute to precision medicine, such as engineering biosensors for diagnosis and health status monitoring, developing smart formulations for the controlled release of drugs, programming immune cells for targeted cancer therapy, differentiating pluripotent stem cells into desired lineages, fabricating bioscaffolds that support cell growth, or constructing “organs‐on‐chips” that can screen the effects of drugs. Collective engineering efforts will help transform precision medicine into a more personalized and effective healthcare approach. As continuous progress is made in engineering techniques, more tools will be available to fully realize precision medicine's potential.

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“…The use of monitoring oxidative stress biomarkers for diagnostic purposes is extremely attractive and actively being researched [81]. The usefulness of monitoring vitamin C and biomarkers of oxidative stress levels in subjects involved with exercise performance has recently been demonstrated [82]. However, there are limitations where saliva is not always the best specimen to represent systemic concentrations, e.g., amylase, phosphate and some proteomes [83] [84].…”

Section: Saliva Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dysbiosis of the Oral Microbiome: Association with and Prevention of Human Diseases

Zhang¹,

Yang²,

Omaye³

2019

FNS

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Oral diseases are associated with systemic diseases; such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and neurological diseases. Coincidentally, the oral microbiome (fluids or extracts) is readily accessible and easily sampled; therefore, serving as a diagnostic or prognostic tool for health status. The oral microbiome is a useful research model for studying fundamental questions of the human microbiome. In this narrative literature review, we examine the characteristics of oral microorganisms, the relationship between oral microorganisms and human diseases, and the important role of oral microorganisms in disease prevention. Also, we illustrate the usefulness of sampling the oral microbiome in developing the diagnosis and prognostic treatment strategies for oral and systemic diseases to accelerate their clinical application. Selective saliva biomarkers and microbiome can serve for useful indices to oral diseases and systemic diseases, and as a model research tool, the oral cavity has many uses in the clinical and research environment. The relationships between oral health and systemic diseases are quite profound, and future research will illuminate opportunities for fruitful preventative measures and therapeutics.

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Use of Saliva Biomarkers to Monitor Efficacy of Vitamin C in Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress

Cited by 36 publications

References 171 publications

The Ability of Exercise-Associated Oxidative Stress to Trigger Redox-Sensitive Signalling Responses

The Ability of Exercise-Associated Oxidative Stress to Trigger Redox-Sensitive Signalling Responses

Engineering Precision Medicine

Dysbiosis of the Oral Microbiome: Association with and Prevention of Human Diseases

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