Use of Silicone Materials to Simulate Tissue Biomechanics as Related to Deep Tissue Injury

Sparks, Jessica L.; Vavalle, Nicholas A.; Kasting, Krysten E.; Long, Benjamin; Tanaka, Martín; Sanger, P.; schnell, karen; Conner-Kerr, Teresa

doi:10.1097/01.asw.0000460127.47415.6e

Cited by 131 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Silicone (Dragon Skin ® 30, Smooth‐On, Macungie, PA, USA, ρ = 1.08 g/cm³) was used for the soft tissue (mediastinum, muscles, fat, skin) and was cast into the mold of the body contour that was 3D printed using SLS. Dragon Skin is a silicone‐based polymer that has been used in phantoms before . This material was chosen because its density is close to water.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using 3D printing techniques to create an anthropomorphic thorax phantom for medical imaging purposes

et al. 2017

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Purpose: Imaging phantoms are widely used for testing and optimization of imaging devices without the need to expose humans to irradiation. However, commercially available phantoms are commonly manufactured in simple, generic forms and sizes and therefore do not resemble the clinical situation for many patients. Methods: Using 3D printing techniques, we created a life-size phantom based on a clinical CT scan of the thorax from a patient with lung cancer. It was assembled from bony structures printed in gypsum, lung structures consisting of airways, blood vessels >1 mm, and outer lung surface, three lung tumors printed in nylon, and soft tissues represented by silicone (poured into a 3D-printed mold). Results: Kilovoltage x-ray and CT images of the phantom closely resemble those of the real patient in terms of size, shapes, and structures. Surface comparison using 3D models obtained from the phantom and the 3D models used for printing showed mean differences <1 mm for all structures. Tensile tests of the materials used for the phantom show that the phantom is able to endure radiation doses over 24,000 Gy. Conclusions: It is feasible to create an anthropomorphic thorax phantom using 3D printing and molding techniques. The phantom closely resembles a real patient in terms of spatial accuracy and is currently being used to evaluate x-ray-based imaging quality and positional verification techniques for radiotherapy.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dragon Skin is a silicone-based polymer that has been used in phantoms before. 23,24 This material was chosen because its density is close to water. Furthermore, Dragon Skin is easily molded due to its high elasticity, which allowed clean removal of the phantom from the 3D-printed mold.…”

Section: B Manufacturing Of the 3d Model And 3d Printingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using 3D printing techniques to create an anthropomorphic thorax phantom for medical imaging purposes

et al. 2017

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“…Deep tissue injury caused by a prolonged mechanical loading disrupts blood flow and metabolic clearance. In order to mimic stress and strain in deep muscle tissues, the ability of Ecoflex is rigorously studied by Sparks et al [6]. In this case, they conducted unconfined compression experiments on two different Shores, i.e., Ecoflex Shore 00-10 and Shore 00-30.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive thermo-viscoelastic experimental investigation of Ecoflex polymer

et al. 2020

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Silicone polymers have enormous applications, especially in the areas of biomedical engineering. Ecoflex, a commercially available room temperature cured silicone polymer, has attracted considerable attention due to its wide range of applications as medical-grade silicones and as matrix materials in producing nano-filled stretchable sensors and dielectric elastomers for soft robotics. In this contribution, we have conducted a wide range of experiments under thermo-mechanical loadings. These experiments consist of loading-unloading cyclic tests, single-step relaxation tests, Mullins effects tests at different strain rates and stretches, stress recovery tests at different rest time etc. In order to assess the temperature influences on Ecoflex, a number of viscoelastic tests are performed in a thermal chamber with temperature ranging from-40 • C to 140 • C. Extensive experimental findings illustrate that Ecoflex experiences a significant stress softening in the first cycles and such a softening recovers gradually with respect to time. It also shows a significant amount of cyclic dissipation at various stretch levels as well as a considerable stress relaxation only for virgin samples. Cyclic dissipations and stress relaxation almost disappear for the case of pre-stretched samples. Furthermore, the material is more or less sensitive under a wide range of temperature differences.

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“…We manufactured the pneumatic actuators from silicone elastomer (Ecoflex 00-30 TM ; Smooth-On), as it is light-weight, versatile and highly compliant, reaching up to 900% expansion before tearing (Smooth-On, 2018). Further characterization of the elastomer has been performed by Sparks et al (2015). Actuators were manufactured in a 2-step molding process.…”

Section: Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

RUBIC: An Untethered Soft Robot With Discrete Path Following

Diteesawat¹,

Haynes²,

Partridge³

et al. 2019

Front. Robot. AI

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Soft robots have the potential to diminish the need for humans to venture into unsuitable environments or work in extreme conditions. While their soft nature gives them the advantage of being adaptable to changing environments, their control can be challenging because of the compliance that makes them effective. In this paper we present RUBIC: the Rolling, Untethered, Ballooning, Intelligent Cube, that overcomes some of the difficulties of 2D control by constraining motion to a discretised Cartesian space. RUBIC's method of locomotion is by rolling from one face of the cube to another, in any one of four directions. This motion causes it to move within a 2D grid structure, the dimensions of which are defined by the cube's characteristic length. When in its resting position RUBIC is inherently stable and forms a safe platform for tasks including taking measurements and soil samples, for localization and ad hoc network infrastructure, and as the foundation for larger robots and structures. We present the design of RUBIC's body, the four pneumatic ballooning actuators per face that generate its unique gait, and the control systems for locomotion and obstacle climbing. We consider constraints imposed by the design and fabrication methods including physical dimension and weight, material properties and control fidelity. An alternative locomotion scheme is proposed to improve the speed and linearity which also increases the distance traveled per roll. RUBIC travels with a mean locomotion accuracy of 4.58 • deviation and successfully traverses steps up to 35% of its own height. The discretisation of a soft robotics workspace, as demonstrated by RUBIC, has advantages for safe and predictable locomotion and has applications in both structured and hazardous environments.

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Use of Silicone Materials to Simulate Tissue Biomechanics as Related to Deep Tissue Injury

Cited by 131 publications

References 24 publications

Using 3D printing techniques to create an anthropomorphic thorax phantom for medical imaging purposes

Using 3D printing techniques to create an anthropomorphic thorax phantom for medical imaging purposes

A comprehensive thermo-viscoelastic experimental investigation of Ecoflex polymer

RUBIC: An Untethered Soft Robot With Discrete Path Following

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